Dietary energy content and floor space relationships for optimal growth and efficiency of broilers

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Yule
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fixed Size ◽  
Floor Space

Commercial broilers, kept in small, fixed-size pens, were allowed 310, 370, or 460 cm2 of floor space per bird started at one day of age, in a windowless controlled environment house. At each stocking density birds were offered diets with 12.5, 12.9, or 13.4 MJ kg-1 of metabolizable energy from 41 to 64 days of age. Male and female broilers grew more slowly (P < 0.05) when offered the lowest energy diet. They were heavier (P < 0.05) when allowed 460cm2 of floor space per bird. Total output on the basis of liveweight produced per unit of floor space over 64 days of age was largest in the most densely stocked pens. Optimal dietary metabolizable energy concentration was approximately 12.9 MJ kg-1; however, reasons for varying this recommendation are discussed.

Physical form and energy concentrations of broiler diets

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Yule
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Floor Space ◽  
Physical Form

Commercial broilers were reared in controlled environment houses to nine weeks of age at 464 cm2 of floor space per bird. The treatments over the starter and finisher phases were two metabolizable energy concentrations of 11.5 and 13.2 MJ kg-1 each in either mash or pelleted form with a commercial pellet treatment as a control. Dietary energy content was negatively correlated with food conversion ratio but did not significantly influence liveweight. Pelleting significantly increased liveweight and improved food efficiency. There was no evidence of an interaction between dietary energy content and physical form of the diet. The increased cost of the higher energy diet counterbalanced the decreased food consumption per unit of body weight.

The effects of dietary energy content on the response of dairy cows to body condition at calving

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Jones ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Beet Pulp

ABSTRACTFour groups of six cows were fed from 12 weeks before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 3·23 (F) and 1·98 (T). For the first 20 weeks of lactation all cows were given 10 kg/day of isonitrogenous (180 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM)) compounds containing either a high (13·0 MJ/kg DM; HE) or a low (9·8 MJ/kg DM; LE) concentration of metabolizable energy, together with 3 kg/day molassed sugar-beet pulp and hay offered ad libitum.The mean milk yield of cows receiving compound HE (27·7 kg/day) was higher (P > 0·05) than that of cows receiving compound LE (25·6 kg/day). Cows in group FHE yielded 27·0 kg/day, compared with 25·5 kg/day for FLE (P > 0·05); cows in group THE yielded 28·4 kg/day compared with 25·17 kg/day for TLE (P <0·05). After peak lactation, milk yields were maintained better in group THE but declined at a faster rate in group TLE than in groups FHE and FLE. Neither dietary energy concentration nor condition score at calving significantly affected milk composition (butterfat 43·5, protein 29·1, lactose 50·2 g/kg). Cows receiving compound HE consumed significantly (P < 0·001) more energy (208 MJ/day) than cows receiving compound LE (188 MJ/day). Over the first 10 weeks of lactation, changes in condition were –0·83, –0·88 +0·08 and –0·25 (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05) condition score units for cows in groups FHE, FLE, THE and TLE respectively.It is concluded that with diets of high energy concentration intake is mainly limited by physiological mechanisms so that thin cows eat more than fat cows and produce similar amounts of milk. With diets of lower energy concentration, intake is limited by rumen capacity and thin cows eat the same as fat cows. This results in increased fat mobilization and a slight decrease in milk yield by cows which are fat at calving but the limited fat reserves of cows which are thin at calving are insufficient to compensate for reduced energy intake so large reductions in milk yield are observed.

AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY PARAMETERS AND RUMEN LIQUID TURNOVER RATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESSI EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Ration Composition

Data were accumulated from published sources and were combined in order to estimate the effects of level of feed intake, dietary energy concentration, energy intake level and dietary forage percentage on rumen liquid turnover rates in sheep and cattle. The effects of the dietary parameters on liquid turnover rates were estimated by regression analysis, where all possible combinations of independent variables were considered. It was found that rumen liquid turnover rates increased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased with both sheep (r = 0.610) and cattle (r = 0.715). From multiple regression analyses it was learned that the inclusion of independent variables that were related to the physical composition of the diet along with variables for intake improved the estimation of liquid turnover rates, although the independent variable related to ration composition differed between sheep and cattle. With data from sheep experiments, elevations in the digestible energy content of the diet depressed (P < 0.05) liquid turnover rate. Based upon data from cattle, decreases in the forage portion of the diet had a similar depressing (P < 0.05) effect.

scholarly journals Milk Urea Concentration in Dairy Sheep: Accounting for Dietary Energy Concentration

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Giovanetti ◽  
Filippo Boe ◽  
Mauro Decandia ◽  
Giovanni Cristoforo Bomboi ◽  
Alberto Stanislao Atzori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Milk Urea

In dairy sheep milk urea concentration (MUC) is highly and positively correlated with dietary crude protein (CP) content and, to a lesser extent, with protein intake. However, the effect of dietary energy and carbohydrate sources on MUC of lactating ewes is not clear. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of diets differing in energy concentration and carbohydrate sources on MUC values in lactating dairy ewes. Two experiments were conducted (experiment 1, E1, and experiment 2, E2) on Sarda ewes in mid and late lactation kept in metabolic cages for 23 d. In both experiments, homogeneous groups of five ewes were submitted to four (in E1) or three (in E2) dietary treatments, consisting of pelleted diets ranging from low energy (high-fiber diets: 1.2–1.4 Mcal of net energy for lactation (NEL)) to high energy (high-starch diets: 1.7–1.9 Mcal of NEL) contents, but with a similar CP concentration (18.4% dry matter (DM), on average). Each diet had a different main ingredient as follows: corn flakes, barley meal, beet pulp, or corn cobs in E1 and corn meal, dehydrated alfalfa, or soybean hulls in E2. Regression analysis using treatment means from both experiments showed that the best predictor of MUC (mg/100 mL) was the dietary NEL (Mcal/kg DM, MUC = 127.6 − 51.2 × NEL, R2 = 0.85, root of the mean squared error (rmse) = 4.36, p < 0.001) followed by the ratio CP/NEL (g/Mcal, MUC = −14.9 + 0.5 × CP/ NEL, R2 = 0.83, rmse = 4.63, p < 0.001). A meta-regression of an extended database on stall-fed dairy ewes, including the E1 and E2 experimental data (n = 44), confirmed the predictive value of the CP/ NEL ratio, which resulted as the best single predictor of MUC (MUC = −13.7 + 0.5 × CP/NEL, R2 = 0.93, rmse = 3.30, p < 0.001), followed by dietary CP concentration (MUC = −20.7 + 3.7 × CP, R2 = 0.82, rmse = 4.89, p < 0.001). This research highlights that dietary energy content plays a pivotal role in modulating the relationship between MUC and dietary CP concentration in dairy sheep.

The effect of dietary energy concentration on protein utilization during late pregnancy in ewes

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Guada ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Unit Increase

SUMMARYFrom 62 days of gestation to parturition, 20 Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn ewes were each offered one of four diets with roughage to concentrate ratios of 20:80; 40:60; 60:40 and 80:20, at daily metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein intakes of 490 kJ and 3·55 g/kg W0·75respectively. Plasma concentration of free fatty acids, glucose and urea were determined weekly, and nitrogen balance and digestibility trials were carried out at 70–80 and 130–140 days of gestation.On all treatments the concentration of plasma free fatty acids increased during pregnancy from approximately 200–600 μ-equiv./l and the concentration of glucose and urea decreased by approximately 25%.Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter increased from 58 to 68% and from 60 to 70% respectively as the proportion of concentrates in the diet increased and were not affected by stage of gestation. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was not affected by the energy concentration of the diet.Between mid and late gestation there was a mean increase in daily nitrogen retention of 2·5 g and an improvement in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization of 19 percentage units.Nitrogen retention and the efficiency with which the apparently digested nitrogen intake was retained increased as the dietary energy concentration was increased. The mean daily increases in nitrogen retention were 0·0135 and 0·0039 g for each percentage unit increase in the concentrate portion of the diet at mid and late gestation respectively. The corresponding values for the improvement in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization were 0·13 and 0·10%.

An assessment of whether energy was the first factor limiting production of dairy cows grazing kikuyu grass pasture

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Moir ◽  
HG Dougherty ◽  
PJ Goodwin ◽  
FJ Humphreys ◽  
PR Martin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Whole Plants

Whole plants of kikuyu grass were taken at intervals over a 9-month period from four commercial dairy farms on which this grass was the predominant species. The plants were separated into leaf and stem fractions and their metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations were estimated from their cell-wall contents. The overall mean ME in the dry matter of leaf and stem on each farm was of the order of 11 and 9 MJ kg DM-1, respectively. From considerations of appetite limits depending upon whether energy was derived mainly from leaf or stem, and taking into account ME supplied from supplementary feeds, and ME requirements for milk production, it was concluded that the production of the herd with the highest mean production cow-1 (4140 kg lactation-1) was limited by dietary energy concentration, although the genetic capacity of the cows to produce milk at the expense of body weight loss overcame this limitation to some extent. On the other farms with low to intermediate levels of productivity, the amount of food on offer was the first limiting factor.

Effects of variation in dietary energy concentration of starter and finisher diets on broiler production

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
JB Hardaker ◽  
GE Battese ◽  
RB Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Finisher Diets

Least-cost starter and finisher broiler diets at five levels of metabolizable energy (ME) concentration were formulated. The diets were fed in selected combinations of starter and finisher energy concentration to batches of broiler chickens to 1650 g. Performance data were recorded and it was found that best biological efficiency was obtained by feeding starter-finisher diets with ME concentrations in the range 12.6 to 13.8 MJ kg-1. However, best economic results were obtained from diets with energy concentrations somewhat below these levels, at approximately 12.2 to 12.5 MJ kg-1. There was no evidence that ME of the starter diet influenced the ME concentration of the finisher diet required for optimal performance.

Effect of phytase supplementation with two levels of phosphorus diets on ileal and faecal digestibilities of nutrients and phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Z. Fan ◽  
T. J. Li ◽  
Y. L. Yin ◽  
R. J. Fang ◽  
Z. Y. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Energy Balances

AbstractThe experiment was conducted to assess the effects of phytase supplementation to diets with two levels of phosphorus (P) on ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients and phosphorus, calcium, nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs. Fifteen Landrace × Large White × Chinese Black barrows, with an initial live weight of 22·2 kg fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were randomly allocated to one of the five diet treatments, according to a of cross-over design with two periods. The basal diet was typical of southern Asia with maize/rice and rapeseed/cottonseed meals. A normal (NP, supplemented with 4·8 g/kg of CaHPO4) and a low-P diet (LP, not supplemented with CaHPO4) were formulated. Both of the diets were supplemented with and without Natuphos® Phytase (500 phytase units (FTU) per kg diet). An enzyme hydrolysed casein (EHC) diet (diet 5) was also formulated to determine the flow of the ileal endogenous amino acids (AA). The results showed that both the higher level P treatment and phytase supplementation increased (P < 0·05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and energy. Phytase supplementation also increased (P < 0·05) the AID of Ca and P. Pigs given the higher level of P or the phytase diet increased apparent faecal digestibility (AFD) of DM, OM and energy. Phytase supplementation reduced (P < 0·01) faecal Ca output and increased (P < 0·05) proportional Ca retention. The higher level of P increased (P < 0·001) total P intake and P retention (P < 0·05) but did not affect the proportion of P retained (P > 0·05). Phytase supplementation did not affect P balance (P > 0·05). Pigs given the higher level P or the phytase diet had reduced (P < 0·05) faecal energy concentration, although there was no affect on urine energy output, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). However, there were P × phytase effects on DE and ME (P < 0·05). There were no P × phytase effects (P > 0·05) on AID of AA except with isoleucine (P < 0·01). Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0·05) AID of histidine, isoleucine, threonine and glutamine and there was a numeric increase in AID for most of the other AA. There was P × phytase effect on AFD of histidine (P < 0·05), isoleucine (P < 0·05), methionine (P < 0·05) and threonine (P < 0·01). Phytase supplementation increased the AFD of isoleucine (P < 0·05), threonine (P < 0·01) and tended to increase AFD of tyrosine (P < 0·05). The level of MCP affected the AFD of lysine (P < 0·01), threonine (P < 0·05), aspartic acid (P < 0·05). Phytase supplementation increased true ileal digestibility of histidine (P < 0·05), isoleucine (P < 0·001), threonine (P = 0·001), glutamine (P < 0·01), respectively. These results indicate that phytase used in the present study was able to improve the utilization of DM, OM, CP, Ca, P, energy and amino acid in a maize/rice and rapeseed/cottonseed meal based diet and reduce total output of them in manure.

scholarly journals Dietary energy level affects the composition of cecal microbiota of starter Pekin ducklings

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Q. Liu ◽  
Y.-H. Wang ◽  
X.-T. Fang ◽  
M. Xie ◽  
Y.-S. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

In this study, we evaluated the phylogenetic diversity of the cecal microbiota of 3-week-old ducklings fed three diets differing in metabolizable energy. The contents of the ceca were collected from ducklings of different groups. The ceca bacterial DNA was isolated and the V3 to V4 regions of 16S rRNA genes were amplified. The amplicons were subjected to high-throughput sequencing to analyze the bacterial diversity of different groups. The predominant bacterial phyla were Bacteroidetes (~65.67%), Firmicutes (~17.46%), and Proteobacteria (~10.73%). The abundance of Bacteroidetes increased and that of Firmicutes decreased with increasing dietary energy level. The diversity decreased (Simpson diversity index and Shannon diversity index) with the increase in dietary energy level, but the richness remained constant. Notably, Brachyspira bacteria were detected with a very high relative abundance (4.91%) in ceca of ducks fed a diet with 11.30 MJ/kg metabolizable energy, suggesting that low energy content may affect their colonization in cecum.

The utilization of dietary energy by steers during periods of restricted food intake and subsequent realimentation

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ledger
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Daily Energy

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out to determine the daily energy intakes necessary to maintain, the live weights of ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers (i.e. those held at constant live weight in pens for not less than 15 weeks) when walked at 5 km/h for distances of 5, 10 and 15 km/day.The experiment utilized groups of Boran Zebu and Hereford × Boran Zebu steers at live weights of 275 and 450 kg.Fed a standard diet of energy concentration 10·477 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg D.M. it was found that the Hereford × Boran steers required significantly less food per day, at both live weights, than did the Borans to maintain live weight when walking distances of 15 km/day.Based on the data relating to the total distance walked of 1120 km in 133 days it was calculated that the additional energy cost of maintaining live weight when walking was close to 4·184 kJ ME/kg/km walked. The efficiency of conversion of ME for walking was 50%.For ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers it was calculated that the 275 kg steers required 24, 49 and 73% more daily D.M. intake and the 450 kg steers 34, 69 and 97% more daily D.M. intake when walked 5, 10 and 15 km/day respectively than would have been the case if they had been kept inactive in pens.

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