Review: Energy partitioning in broiler chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lopez ◽  
S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentration Changes

In commercial nutrition and in research studies, metabolizable energy (ME) is the standard measure of energy used in describing energy requirements and diets for poultry. The provision of dietary energy will influence the intake of all other nutrients. Broilers exhibit an outstanding ability to control their energy intake by adjusting their feed intake as diet energy concentration changes. There is still considerable debate on the accuracy, precision and usefulness of different procedures used for determining ME values of diets and ingredients. ME intake is generally partitioned into energy retained (ER) in body tissues (mainly as fat and protein) and as heat production (HP): ME = HP + ER. There are few reported estimates of HP and its components, fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Requirements for maintenance (MEm), including major components of FHP and physical activity, are established at around 155 kcal kg BW0.60. We recentlyreported that maintenance requirements for young broilers based on kg BW0.75 were 8% lower than the values estimated using kg BW0.60, and that BW raised to the exponent 0.60, was a more precise estimator. Gross energy retained in the body as fat (TERF) and protein (TERP), together contribute most of the total energy retained (TER) in the body. Efficiency of ME utilization above maintenance varies from 70 to 84% for lipid deposition in adult birds and between 37 and 85% in growing birds. Key words: Energy, broiler, metabolic rate, energy retention

Methionine supplementation of milk proteins for preruminant lambs. II.* Effect on wool growth, liveweight gain and body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

Twenty-six crossbred lambs in two equal groups, aged 2-5 days, were given a low protein diet based on cows' milk, with or without a supplement of DL-methionine, for an experimental period of 21 days. Intake of gross energy ranged from 518 to 1276 kJ/day per kg0.73 Nitrogen and sulphur retentions were estimated by balance methods and nitrogen retention was also ascertained by comparative slaughter. In the group supplemented with methionine the apparent digestibility of sulphur increased significantly, but there were no significant differences between the groups in the apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen or in gross energy. Retention of nitrogen and sulphur in the body tissues and in the wool increased significantly. There was a significant increase in wool growth and in the sulphur content of wool, but not in the nitrogen content. Methionine supplementation had no significant effect on liveweight gain. The gain in empty liveweight of the supplemented lambs comprised significantly more protein and significantly less fat than that of the unsupplemented lambs. *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 26: 673 (1975)

The utilization of the energy of artificially dried grass prepared in different ways

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Approximate Methods ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exact And Approximate Methods

SUMMARYSheep were given artificially dried grass either in the long form or as pellets, and their energy retention measured. Experiments were made both at the maintenance level of feeding and when feed was offered ad libitum. An analysis of the effects of preceding and current daily feed consumption on heat production was made and both exact and approximate methods of estimating the mean food intake to which a determination of heat production should be referred, are given. Pelleting the dried grass increased voluntary intake of dry matter by 27%, and the intake above maintenance by 59% The metabolizable energy of the grass was depressed by pelleting but the net availability of metabolizable energy for production was 52% for pellets and 40% for long material. The percentage of the gross energy supplied above maintenance which was retained was 28% greater for pellets than for long dried grass. The results show that energy retention of the sheep was almost doubled when the grass was pelleted.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

scholarly journals Penambahan Lisin pada Pakan Komersial terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum) [Lysine Addition on Commercial Feed to the Protein Retention and Energy Retention Colossoma macropomum]

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifa Khalida ◽  
Agustono Agustono ◽  
Widya Paramita
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Range Test

                                                                   AbstrakAsam amino adalah komponen terkecil yang menyusun protein. Sejumlah asam amino akan dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui perantara ikatan peptida untuk membentuk protein. Asam amino telah dibagi menjadi dua; yaitu asam amino esensial dan asam amino non-esensial. Asam amino esensial adalah asam amino yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh ikan; karena itu asam amino esensial harus ada dalam pakan. Lisin adalah salah satu dari sepuluh asam amino esensial, fungsi lisin adalah untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan jaringan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lisin dalam pakan komersial terhadap retensi protein dan retensi energi ikan bawal air tawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kadar lisin yang berbeda, yaitu P0 (0%), P1 (0,6%), P2 (1,2%), P3 (2,4%), P4 (4,8%) dan perlakuan  diulang 4 kali. Parameter utama yang diamati adalah retensi protein dan retensi energi pada air tawar bawal. Parameter yang diukur didukung oleh parameter kualitas air. Analisis data menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) dan untuk menentukan perlakuan terbaik digunakan Duncan's multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) dalam retensi protein dan energi adalah daging ikan bawal air tawar. Retensi protein dan retensi energi dalam pengobatan P1 (0,6% lisin), P2 (1,2% lisin), P3 (2,4% lisin) dan P4 (4,8% lisin) berbeda secara signifikan dengan perlakuan P0 (kontrol). Kualitas air selama 40 hari perlakuan ditetapkan pada suhu 27-300 C, pH 7,5-8,5, amonia 4 mg / l dan oksigen terlarut 4 mg / l.                                                                 AbstractAmino acids are the smallest components that compose proteins. A number of amino acids will be conducted to one another through the intermediary of peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids have divided into two; those are essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are amino acids that can not be synthesized by the body of fish; therefore the essential amino acids must be in feed. Lysine is one of the ten essentials amino acids , the function of lysine are for the growth and repair body tissues. This research was aimed to determine the effect of lysine in commercial feed on protein retention and energy retention of freshwater Bawal.The method used is experiment with a completely randomized design as an experimental design. The treatment used is different lysine levels , namely P0 ( 0 % ) , P1 ( 0.6 % ) , P2 ( 1.2 % ) , P3 ( 2.4 % ) , P4 (4.8 % ) and treatment was repeated 4 times. The main parameters were observed protein retention and energy retention on Bawal fresh water. Parameters measured were supported by water quality parameters. Analysis of the data using Analysis of Varian ( ANOVA ) and to determine the best treatment used Duncan 's multiple range test. The results showed the significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) in protein retention and energy were freshwater pomfret fish meat. Retention of protein and energy retention in treatment P1 ( 0.6 % lysine ) , P2 ( 1.2 % lysine ) , P3 ( 2.4 % lysine ) and P4 ( 4.8 % lysine ) was significantly different with treatment P0 ( control ). The quality of water for 40 days treatment was set to temperature 27-300 C, pH 7.5-8.5, ammonia 4 mg/l and dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l.

scholarly journals 351 Awardee Talk: How retained energy and protein affects the determination of energy and protein requirements for growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Abstract The understanding of how nutrition influences the body composition of growing animals has fascinated researchers for centuries. It involves the expertise of scientists with different areas of knowledge, encompassing the composition of the diet and its nutritive value to the fermentation and digestion of substrates to the absorption and metabolism of nutrients, and finally, to the deposition of fat, protein, and minerals in body tissues. The comparative slaughter technique is the preferred method to assess the body composition of growing and finishing animals. However, the methodological procedures are labor-intensive, expensive, and time-consuming, facilitating the incidence of errors and inconsistencies of the measurements that are collected, including the initial animal’s body composition. First, retained fat and protein (RP) are used to compute retained energy (RE). Then, RP and RE are used to compute protein and energy requirements for growth. Heat production, calculated from the metabolizable energy (ME) intake for animals at maintenance, is used to compute maintenance requirements. Three areas of concern exist for this approach: 1) the efficiencies of possible mobilization of fat and protein tissues during the feeding period are unaccounted for, especially for the animals fed near the maintenance level of intake; 2) the correlation between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE is higher than when using observed RE (0.939 vs. 0.679); and 3) the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of ME for growth using the proportion of RE deposited as protein — carcass approach — versus using the concentration of ME of the diet — diet approach. These concerns raised questions about the interdependency between predicted RP and RE and the existence of internal offsetting errors that may prevent overall adequacy in predicting energy and protein requirements of beef cattle.

Energy exchanges of pregnant and lactating ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

At intervals throughout gestation, the energy, carbon, and nitrogen exchanges of four Merino ewes were determined with the aid of closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Six similar but non-pregnant animals were studied at the same time. The food consisted of equal parts of lucerne and wheaten hay; half the sheep in each group were given a constant 600 g/day and half 900 g/day, and the non-pregnant ewes were fasted on one occasion. Free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in the blood were also determined during the final stages of pregnancy. Balance measurements were continued during lactation, the ewes being given 1200 g food/day for the first month and 900 g for the second. The digestibility of the food was not affected by pregnancy or lactation, but urinary nitrogen loss decreased as pregnancy advanced and was least during lactation. Although a constant amount of food was eaten, the heat production of each pregnant animal increased throughout gestation. The heat increment of pregnancy at term was 90 kca1/24 hr/kg foetal tissue. The most direct measurements of oxygen uptake by the foetus in utero indicate much lower levels of heat production per kilogram of tissue; it is concluded that these are underestimates. The metabolic rate was unusually high immediately before parturition, and in two cases decreased to near non-pregnant levels 24 hr after lambing. The total energy retention of the ewes became smaller as pregnancy advanced, and in two cases was negative at term. Metabolizable energy was used for reproduction with a gross efficiency of 15–22% and a net efficiency of 13%. The metabolizable energy used per kilogram of foetus was approximately 10% of the maintenance requirement of the ewe herself. Daily energy utilization by the conceptus at term probably accounted for 70% of the glucogenic substances available from the food. There was no evidence of increased gluconeogenesis from protein by the pregnant ewe. The nutrition of the ewe during gestation affected lactation mainly in the first week or two. The data indicate that nitrogen intake rather than energy intake limited milk production. Irrespective of the amount of energy in the milk, the heat increment due to feeding was 20% smaller for lactating than for dry fatteningewes. It is suggested that efficient use of acetate by the mammary gland permits more efficient lipogenesis by other tissues.

Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-738
Author(s):  
Peili Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Changhua Lai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.

The effect of method of conservation of grass and supplementation on energy and nitrogen utilization by lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-417
Author(s):  
D. E. KIRKPATRICK ◽  
R. W. J. STEEN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Energy Retention

An experiment was carried out in 1994 to examine energy and nitrogen utilization of lambs offered two contrasting grass-based diets. The two forages, which were from the same parent herbage, were grass silage and grass which was conserved by freezing. They were offered as sole diets or supplemented with either 250 or 500 g concentrates per kg total dry matter intake (DMI) to give a total of six experimental treatments. Seventy-two Dutch Texel × Greyface (Border Leicester × Blackface) lambs, consisting of 36 males which were initially 36 (S.D. 4·9) kg liveweight and 36 females which were initially 34 (S.D. 2·5) kg liveweight were used. Ensiling significantly increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen (P<0·001), but had no significant effect on methane energy loss as a proportion of gross energy intake, metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production, energy retained, efficiency of utilization of energy for growth (kg) or nitrogen retention. Supplementation of forage with concentrates resulted in a curvilinear decrease in heat production expressed as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05) and a linear increase in energy retention, expressed as an absolute value or as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05). Supplementation of forage tended to increase kg when calculated using Agricultural Research Council estimates of maintenance energy requirements, but had no significant effect when alternative estimates of maintenance were used. It is concluded that ensiling had no effect on efficiency of utilization of energy or nitrogen as measured by indirect calorimetry.

Calorimetric studies on the effect of dietary energy source and environmental temperature on the metabolic efficiency of energy utilization by mature Light Sussex cockerels

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. F. Shannon ◽  
W. O. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Calorimetric Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the net availabilities of the metabolizable energy (NAME) of a cereal-based diet and a maize-oil diet for maintenance and lipogenesis and the effect of environmental temperature on the NAME of the cereal-based diet are described. Four 1- to 2-year-old Light Sussex cockerels were used.The relationship between ME intake and energy retention was linear for each diet. The NAME'S of the cereal-based diet given at 22° and 28 °C (70.6 ± 1.83 % and 73.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the NAME of the maize-oil diet (84.1 ± 1.85%). It is concluded that the beneficial effect of maize oil on the efficiency of energy utilization is due to a reduced heat increment rather than a reduction in the basal component of the heat production. The higher efficiency from the maize-oil diet led to an increase in the energy retained as fat.The mean fasting heat production at 28 °C was 15 % lower than at 22 °C (43.2 ± 1.45 and 51.2 ± 1.09 kcal/kg/day, respectively). The NAME of the cereal-based diet was not significantly different when the birds were kept at 22° or 28 °C. The lower metabolic rate at 28 °C was reflected in a lower maintenance requirement and in an increase in the deposition of body fat.

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