Residues of chlordimeform in bovine tissues and milk following application by a handspray

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
WA Palmer ◽  
JHP Dingle ◽  
AB Heath
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Residue Level ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Whole Milk

Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentrations of residues of chlordimeform in tissues and milk of cattle after spray application to control cattle tick. Subcutaneous fat, sampled by biopsy from animals sprayed with 0.45 per cent (w/v), 0.15 per cent and 0.05 per cent chlordimeform (buffered) contained maximum residues of chlordimeform (2.88 mg kg-1, 0.46 mg kg-1 and 0.1 5 mg kg-1 respectively) one day after treatment. The half life for the rate of disappearance of these residues was independent of the initial residue level and was calculated as 2.46 days. Sampling of six tissues, 24 hours after spraying with chlordimeform (buffered) showed that chlordimeform was found mainly in fat. Smaller concentrations were found in kidney, muscle and liver tissue. Concentrations of 0.45 per cent, 0.15 per cent and 0.05 per cent chlordimeform (buffered) produced residues of 1.42 mg kg-1, 0.28 mg kg-1 and 0.03 mg kg-1 respectively in the whole milk of lactating cows. A half life of 0.45 day was calculated for the rate of disappearance of chlordimeform from the milk.

Residues of famphur in bovine tissues and milk following its application as a pour-on insecticide

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Annand ◽  
JHP Dingle ◽  
AB Heath ◽  
WA Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Residue Levels

Three experiments were conducted to determine residues of famphur in tissues and milk of cattle following its topical application. Subcutaneous fat, sampled by biopsy, from animals treated at 150 mg famphur per kg body weight contained maximum residues of famphur (about 10 mg kg-1, average) one day after treatment. Levels of treatment at 50 mg kg-1 and 25 mg kg-1 yielded similar but lower residues after the same period (2.08 and 1.8 p.p.m, respectively). The half-life of famphur residues was independent of the initial residue levels and was calculated as 0.9 day. Mean residues were negligible (highest mean 0.08 p.p.m.) by five days after treatment. Post-mortem sampling of cattle treated with famphur at 45 mg kg-1 showed that at one day and seven days after treatment, residues in fats (up to 1.25 p.p.m. and 0.53 p.p.m. respectively) and muscle (1.41 p.p.m. and 0.71 p.p.m. respectively) were similar but were higher than the negligible levels (0.05 p.p.m. or less) found in liver and kidney. By 14 days, levels in all tissues were very low (0.11 p.p.m. or less). In milk from cows treated with 23 mg famphur kg-1, 76 per cent of the famphur was found in the butterfat and a maximum level (0.237 p.p.m.) in whole milk was found in the first milking after treatment. Residues were negligible (0.008 p.p.m.) by the third day.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residues of Sulfathiazole and Sulfamethazine in Pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 796-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIEVE S. G. VAN POUCKE ◽  
CARLOS H. VAN PETEGHEM
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Absolute Bioavailability ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Residue Study

The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of sulfathiazole (ST) and sulfamethazine (SM) after intravenous and intramuscular injection in pigs were studied. Following a single intravenous dose of 40 mg ST/kg of bodyweight or 80 mg SM/kg of bodyweight, the plasma ST and SM concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment model. The areas under the curve were 447 ± 39 and 1485 ± 41 mg/h/L, clearances were 0.090 ± 0.007 and 0.054 ± 0.001 L/kg/h, volumes of distribution were 1.16 ± 0.16 and 0.77 ± 0.06 L/kg, half-lifes in distribution phase were l.18 ± 0.57 and 0.23 ± 0.16 h and half-lifes in eliminations phase were 9.0 ± l.6 and 9.8 ± 0.6 h. When the two compounds were administered simultaneously as a single intravenous injection, the pharmacokinetic parameters for ST were not significantly different. The values for SM show statistical differences for some important parameters: α, β and the AUC0–>∞ were significantly decreased and t1/2α, Vd and CIB were significantly increased. It can be concluded that after a single intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg, sulfathiazole has a high tl/2β resulting in higher tissue concentrations. This half-life, which is higher than what is reported in the literature, is not influenced by the simultaneous presence of sulfamethazine. The tl/2β for sulfamethazine after a single intravenous injection of 80 mg/kg is comparable to the data from the literature and is not influenced by the presence of sulfathiazole. Sulfathiazole and SM were also administered simultaneously as an intramuscular injection to healthy pigs at a dosage of 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight. Pharmacokinetic experiments were conducted on three pigs. From this pharmacokinetic study it can be concluded that upon a single intramuscular administration of 40 mg/kg of ST and 80 mg/kg of SM the absolute bioavailability in pigs is 0.92 ± 0.04 for ST and l.01 ± 0.07 for SM. Six pigs received five intramuscular im) injections as a single dose of ST and SM every 24 h for five consecutive days for the residue study. The pigs were slaughtered at different times after the last dose was given and samples were taken from various tissues and organs. Concentrations were determined by a microbiological method and a HPTLC method. No edible tissue contained more than 100 μg/kg of the individual sulfonamides after 10 days of withdrawal. It means that adult animals which have a shorter half-life and thus lower tissue concentrations will certainly meet the economic community EC) maximum residue limits after a 10 days withdrawal period.

Rate of decrease of the residual concentration of diazinon in cabbage

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (105) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
JR Hargreaves ◽  
KJ Melksham
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Residue Level ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Maximum Residue Level

Analysis of diazinon residues in cabbages up to 14 days after the final spray application, showed an initial period of rapid decay followed by a period of slower decay, which approximates to first order kinetics. The Australian maximum residue level of 0.7 mg kg-1 diazinon for the whole cabbage was reached in 2-3 days in summer and 7-8 days in winter. The recommended Australia 14-day withholding period, combined with marketing of hearts alone, conformed to Japanese marketing requirements of 0.1 mg kg-1.

Cefazolin pharmacokinetics in cats under surgical conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 992-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela A Albarellos ◽  
Laura Montoya ◽  
Sabrina M Passini ◽  
Martín P Lupi ◽  
Paula M Lorenzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Intravenous Dose ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Single Intravenous Dose ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Surgical Conditions

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the plasma pharmacokinetic profile, tissue concentrations and urine elimination of cefazolin in cats under surgical conditions after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg. Methods Intravenous cefazolin (20 mg/kg) was administered to nine young mixed-breed cats 30 mins before they underwent surgical procedures (ovariectomy or orchiectomy). After antibiotic administration, samples from blood, some tissues and urine were taken. Cefazolin concentrations were determined in all biological matrices and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Results Initial plasma concentrations were high (Cp(0), 134.80 ± 40.54 µg/ml), with fast and moderately wide distribution (distribution half-life [t½(d)] 0.16 ± 0.15 h; volume of distribution at steady state [V(d[ss])] 0.29 ± 0.10 l/kg) and rapid elimination (body clearance [ClB], 0.21 ± 0.06 l/h/kg; elimination half-life [t½], 1.18 ± 0.27 h; mean residence time 1.42 ± 0.36 h). Thirty to 60 mins after intravenous administration, cefazolin tissue concentrations ranged from 9.24 µg/ml (subcutaneous tissue) to 26.44 µg/ml (ovary). The tissue/plasma concentration ratio ranged from 0.18 (muscle) to 0.58 (ovary). Cefazolin urine concentrations were high with 84.2% of the administered dose being eliminated in the first 6 h postadministration. Conclusions and relevance Cefazolin plasma concentrations remained above a minimum inhibitory concentration of ⩽2 µg/ml up to 4 h in all the studied cats. This suggests that a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg cefazolin would be adequate for perioperative prophylactic use in cats.

Effect of feeding level, breed and milking potential on body tissues and organs of mature, non-lactating cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTBody composition was studied in 20 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating cows from five breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey) kept on four feeding levels until they attained equilibrium body weights that were proportionately 0·7,0·9,1·1 or 1·3 of their normal adult body weight.Significant breed differences were found in the proportions of body tissues and organs and these were associated with breed differences in lactability (i.e. genetic milking potential adjusted for body size). As a proportion of body weight, intra-abdominal fat, liver, spleen and uterus increased significantly with lactability and hide decreased significantly. Empty gut and gut fill also increased with lactability but not significantly. Liver proportion in dairy breeds was 1·26 times the proportion in beef breeds. Corresponding values for intra-abdominal fat and hide were 1·43 and 0·83.The most dramatic increases with feeding level were in the proportions of subcutaneous fat, both intra-abdominal fat depots, and the udder. All fat depots were completely depleted when body weight decreased to about 0·6 of its normal adult value. Strong decreases occurred in the proportion of muscle, carcass bone and offal. The proportion of empty gut decreased significantly with increased feeding level. Liver, tail, thymus and possibly gut fill were the only traits entirely unaffected by feeding level.The near-constancy of liver proportion at equilibrium implies that the rapid response of the liver to a change in feeding level is eventually matched in magnitude by the slower responses in other tissues and organs, so that the original proportionality of about 1 kg body tissue for each 10 g liver is eventually restored.

Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. E1290-E1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alba ◽  
Danilo Fintini ◽  
Alessia Sagazio ◽  
Betty Lawrence ◽  
Jean-Paul Castaigne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Body

Although the majority of children with isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency have a good growth response to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), the use of this therapeutic agent is limited by its very short half-life. Indeed, we have shown that, in mice with GHRH gene ablation (GHRH knockout; GHRHKO), even twice-daily injections of a GHRH analog are unable to normalize growth. CJC-1295 is a synthetic GHRH analog that selectively and covalently binds to endogenous albumin after injection, thereby extending its half-life and duration of action. We report the effects of CJC-1295 administration in GHRHKO animals. Three groups of 1-wk-old GHRHKO mice were treated for 5 wk with 2 μg of CJC-1295 at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. Placebo-treated GHRHKO mice and mice heterozygous for the GHRHKO allele served as controls. GHRHKO animals receiving daily doses of CJC-1295 exhibited normal body weight and length. Mice treated every 48 and 72 h reached higher body weight and length than placebo-treated animals, without full growth normalization. Femur and tibia length remained normal in animals treated every 24 and 48 h. Relative lean mass and subcutaneous fat mass were normal in all treated groups. CJC-1295 caused an increase in total pituitary RNA and GH mRNA, suggesting that proliferation of somatotroph cells had occurred, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry images. These findings demonstrate that treatment with once-daily administration of CJC-1295 is able to maintain normal body composition and growth in GHRHKO mice. The same dose is less effective when administered every 48 or 72 h.

Adenine nucleotide liver tissue concentrations from non-heart-beating donor pigs and organ viability after liver transplantation

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 3480-3481 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.X. Gonzalez ◽  
J.C. García-Valdecasas ◽  
M.A. López-Boado ◽  
J. Tabet ◽  
M. Net ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Heart Beating

scholarly journals Post-mortem Redistribution of Alprazolam in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-253
Author(s):  
Jana Hořínková ◽  
Petr Kozlík ◽  
Tomáš Křížek ◽  
Danica Michaličková ◽  
Martin Šíma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Continuous Accumulation ◽  
Median Amount

The post-mortem toxicological findings may be misinterpreted, if the drug undergoes substantial post-mortem redistribution. As alprazolam is one of the most frequently evaluated drug for legal/forensic reasons in drug-related fatalities, we studied possible changes in alprazolam distribution after death in a rat model. Rats were sacrificed 30 minutes after alprazolam administration. Blood and tissue samples from 8 animals per sampling time were collected at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h after death. The experimental samples were assayed for alprazolam using validated UHPLC-PDA method. Median blood alprazolam concentrations increased approximately 2 times compared with ante-mortem levels due to the redistribution during early post-mortem phase and then slowly decreased with a half-life of 60.7 h. The highest alprazolam tissue concentrations were found in fat and liver and the lowest levels were observed in lungs and brain. The median amount of alprazolam deposited in the lungs was relatively stable over the 24-h post-mortem period, while in heart, liver and kidney the deposited proportion of administered dose increased by 43–48% in comparison with ante-mortem values indicating continuous accumulation of alprazolam into these tissues. These results provide evidence needed for the interpretation of toxicological results in alprazolam-related fatalities and demonstrate modest alprazolam post-mortem redistribution.

Severe mtDNA depletion and dependency on catabolic lipid metabolism in DGUOK knockout mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (17) ◽  
pp. 2874-2884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshan Zhou ◽  
Sophie Curbo ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Shuba Krishnan ◽  
Raoul Kuiper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Mtdna Copy Number ◽  
Mtdna Depletion ◽  
Mtdna Replication ◽  
Fur Color

Abstract Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) provides guanosine and adenosine nucleotides for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication, and its deficiency in humans leads to hepatocerebral mtDNA depletion syndrome or to isolated hepatic disease. There are poor treatment options for DGUOK deficiency and the aim of this study was to generate a model for further studies of the disease that could reveal novel treatment strategies. We report a Dguok-deficient mouse strain that, similar to humans, is most severely affected in the liver. The Dguok complete knockout mice (Dguok−/−) were born normal, but began to lose weight at week 6. A change of fur color from black to blueish grey started at week 16 and was complete at week 20. The movements and behavior were indistinguishable compared to wild-type (wt) mice. A decrease of mtDNA copy number occurred in multiple tissues, with the liver being the most severely affected. The mtDNA-encoded protein cytochrome c oxidase was much lower in Dguok−/− liver tissue than in the wt, whereas the expression of the nuclear-encoded succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A was unaffected. Histopathology showed severe alterations and immunohistochemistry showed signs of both oxidative stress and regeneration in Dguok−/− liver. The subcutaneous fat layer was undetectable in Dguok−/−, which, in addition to gene expression analysis, indicated an altered lipid metabolism. We conclude that Dguok has a major role for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides for mtDNA replication particularly in the liver, similar to the human disorder. Our data also show a catabolic lipid metabolism in liver tissue of Dguok−/−.

Effect of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on performance of Bos indicus cross cows and their progeny

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Holroyd ◽  
PJ Dunster ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Tick Counts

The effects of cattle tick infestations on liveweight and fertility of Droughtmaster (1/2 Bos indicus) cows and on calf weaning weights were determined over 3 years. Tick populations on the control (non-dipped) group of cattle fluctuated, with mean annual tick counts/side being 9.5, 8.9 and 13.6 for years 1, 2 and 3 respectively, while the treated group of cattle, which were dipped every 21 days, were free of ticks. Tick counts were not related to fertility or liveweight change in pregnant-lactating cows or to calf growtb or weaning weights. Treatment for ticks significantly (P<0.05) affected liveweight change in pregnant-lactating cows on only a few occasions, and annual liveweight changes were not significantly influenced by treatment. When lactating cow pregnancy rates were low (< 30% for control cows), treatment for ticks increased the pregnancy rate by about 100% in 2 of the 3 years, these differences being significant only in the last year. Calves in the treated group were born significantly earlier in the first year and had significantly lighter birth weights in the third year. Treated calves grew faster to weaning and had higher weaning weights (mean difference 17.9 kg) than control calves but differences were significant in the first and third years only.

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