Control of lupin flower initiation by vernalization, photoperiod and temperature under controlled environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 638 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Rahman ◽  
JS Gladstones
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Short Days

Controlled environment studies of the effects of vernalization, photoperiod, and growing period temperatures were carried out on selected cultivars of four annual Lupinus species. All responded to both vernalization and photoperiod to varying degrees, and in at least two there were indications of an additional effect of growing period temperatures specifically on flower initiation. Flower initiation in L. angustifolius was found to be controlled mainly by its vernalization requirement, with subsidiary control by photoperiod. In L. cosentini vernalization, photoperiod, and an acceleration of initiation by high temperatures all appeared to play important roles, with critical control by photoperiod under short days. L. luteus responded strongly to both vernalization and photoperiod, but long days were able to substitute for vernalization to a marked degree. The results are discussed in the context of the ecology of lupins and the breeding of new crop cultivars.

Flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Analysis of the partial processes involved

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LT Evans
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Inhibitory Process ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Days

The influence of various temperature and photoperiod regimes on flower initiation and flowering in eight strains of T. subterraneum has been examined, using the controlled environment facilities of the Earhart Laboratory. Flower initiation in subterranean clover appears to be under the control of three interacting partial processes, two of which are synergistic and promotive while the third is inhibitory. The promotive processes are possibly both light-independent, one being favoured by high temperatures and the other (the vernalization process) by low temperatures. The inhibitory process, on the other hand, is restricted to the diurnal dark period and is favoured by high temperatures. The interaction between the vernalization and dark inhibitory processes is such that in the absence of dark inhibition no vernalization is required by any strain, while on. the other hand sufficient vernalization can apparently overcome all dark inhibitory effects. Treatment with gibberellic acid eliminates the need for vernalization by plants of at least one early-flowering strain when. grown in short days at high temperatures. The strains of subterranean clover differ markedly in their responses to the three partial processes. In their response to the dark inhibitory process two strains are more affected by night temperature than by night length, while in two other strains the opposite is the case, which suggests that the dark inhibitory process could be resolved into more than one component.

Flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L. II. Limitations by vernalization, low temperatures, and photoperiod, in the field at Canberra

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
FHW Morley ◽  
LT Evans
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Low Field ◽  
The Times ◽  
Short Days

At various times throughout the winter, autumn-sown plants of five strains of subterranean clover were removed from the field to a series of day length and temperature treatments. The times to inflorescence initiation in all treatments were determined by dissection. As vernalization proceeded the requirement of all strains for long days was progressively reduced until, by midwinter, several strains had become virtually independent of day length. Similarly, with the progress of vernalization the inhibitory effects of high temperatures during short days became progressively less marked. Whereas exposure to long days at high temperatures greatly accelerated inflorescence initiation in all strains, long days at low field temperatures had little effect. Evidence is presented which suggests that the limiting effect of very low temperatures on initiation is due not only to retardation of the rate of inflorescence primordium formation (realization), but also to limitation of an inductive process other than vernalization and dark period inhibition. The flowering behaviour of the various strains is discussed in terms of their responses to the partial processes leading to inflorescence initiation, and the interrelationships of these processes are considered.

LEAFY expression and flower initiation in Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (19) ◽  
pp. 3835-3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Blazquez ◽  
L.N. Soowal ◽  
I. Lee ◽  
D. Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Flower Meristem ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Short Days

During the initial vegetative phase, the Arabidopsis shoot meristem produces leaves with associated lateral shoots at its flanks, while the later reproductive phase is characterized by the formation of flowers. The LEAFY gene is an important element of the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase, as LEAFY is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of individual flowers. We have analyzed in detail the expression of LEAFY during the plant life cycle, and found that LEAFY is extensively expressed during the vegetative phase. In long days, Arabidopsis plants flower soon after germination, and this is paralleled by rapid upregulation of LEAFY. In short days, Arabidopsis plants flower several weeks later than in long days, but LEAFY expression increases gradually before flowering commences. Application of the plant hormone gibberellin, which hastens flowering in short days, enhances the gradual change in LEAFY expression observed in short days. Changes in LEAFY expression before the transition to flowering suggest that the time point of this transition is at least partly controlled by the levels of LEAFY activity that are prevalent at a given time of the life cycle. This assumption is borne out by the finding that increasing the copy number of endogenous LEAFY reduces the number of leaves produced before the first flower is formed. Thus, LEAFY combines properties of flowering-time and flower-meristem-identity genes, indicating that LEAFY is a direct link between the global process of floral induction and the regional events associated with the initiation of individual flowers.

scholarly journals Floral Induction in the Short-Day Plant Chrysanthemum Under Blue and Red Extended Long-Days

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malleshaiah SharathKumar ◽  
Ep Heuvelink ◽  
Leo F. M. Marcelis ◽  
Wim van Ieperen
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Solar Light ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Short Days

Shorter photoperiod and lower daily light integral (DLI) limit the winter greenhouse production. Extending the photoperiod by supplemental light increases biomass production but inhibits flowering in short-day plants such as Chrysanthemum morifolium. Previously, we reported that flowering in growth-chamber grown chrysanthemum with red (R) and blue (B) LED-light could also be induced in long photoperiods by applying only blue light during the last 4h of 15h long-days. This study investigates the possibility to induce flowering by extending short-days in greenhouses with 4h of blue light. Furthermore, flower induction after 4h of red light extension was tested after short-days RB-LED light in a growth-chamber and after natural solar light in a greenhouse. Plants were grown at 11h of sole source RB light (60:40) in a growth-chamber or solar light in the greenhouse (short-days). Additionally, plants were grown under long-days, which either consisted of short-days as described above extended with 4h of B or R light to long-days or of 15h continuous RB light or natural solar light. Flower initiation and normal capitulum development occurred in the blue-extended long-days in the growth-chamber after 11h of sole source RB, similarly as in short-days. However, when the blue extension was applied after 11h of full-spectrum solar light in a greenhouse, no flower initiation occurred. With red-extended long-days after 11h RB (growth-chamber) flower initiation occurred, but capitulum development was hindered. No flower initiation occurred in red-extended long-days in the greenhouse. These results indicate that multiple components of the daylight spectrum influence different phases in photoperiodic flowering in chrysanthemum in a time-dependent manner. This research shows that smart use of LED-light can open avenues for a more efficient year-round cultivation of chrysanthemum by circumventing the short-day requirement for flowering when applied in emerging vertical farm or plant factories that operate without natural solar light. In current year-round greenhouses’ production, however, extension of the natural solar light during the first 11 h of the photoperiod with either red or blue sole LED light, did inhibit flowering.

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on flowering of twelve Stylosanthes species

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Cameron ◽  
L't Mannetje ◽  
Mannetje L 't
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climatic Adaptation ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Strong Control

The flowering of accessions from 12 Stylosanthes species was studied in two controlled environment experiments and a glasshouse experiment. In controlled environments photoperiod exerted a strong control over flowering with short day, day neutral and long day responses being recognized. High temperatures generally delayed flowering, increased the node of first flower and reduced the number of inflorescences, but acted as a modifier only of the basic control exerted by photoperiod. With natural photoperiods in the glasshouse, flowering responses were generally consistent with the photoperiod responses observed in controlled environments. The climatic adaptation of Stylosanthes species is discussed in relation to the alternative reproductive strategies of the photoperiod response types.

Response of Barley Shoot Apices to Application of Gibberellic Acid: Initial Response Pattern.

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Short Days

Seedlings of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Clipper) were grown in either controlled-environment chambers or in a frost-free glasshouse in short days and were treated with aqueous gibberellic acid solutions at the 1½-leaf stage. A single application of gibberellic acid resulted in enhanced rates of growth of the apex and subjacent leaf primordia for only a relatively short period in the life cycle of the plant. The first morphological response to the treatment was an increased dome length, which was followed by increased rates of growth and development of subjacent leaf primordia and basal spikelet primordia. After the period of enhancement, the growth rates of the apices of the treated plants fell to values comparable to those of the control plants.

Effect of Temperature on Response of Tomatoes to Several Dinitroaniline Herbicides and Phosphorus

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Wilson ◽  
F. B. Stewart ◽  
T. E. Hines
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Effects of temperature on response of transplanted tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Campbell 17′) to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) were investigated in field studies. Trifluralin and nitralin caused greater reductions in growth and yields of tomatoes transplanted early in April than to tomatoes transplanted around May 1. Responses to profluralin were similar but total yields of early transplanted tomatoes were not reduced although initial yields were below those of tomatoes treated with isopropalin. In controlled environment chamber studies, percent phosphorus of plant tops was reduced by trifluralin at low temperatures but was not influenced by trifluralin at high temperatures. Tomoto responses to phosphorus as reflected by plant fresh weight, dry weight and phosphorus content (mg/plant) were reduced by trifluralin at low and high temperatures.

scholarly journals Some 'high sugar grasses' don't like it hot

2004 ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
H. Xue ◽  
J.A. Newman ◽  
C.B. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Short Days

Cultivars of Lolium perenne with high concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are seen as desirable for the reduction of nitrogen losses and greenhouse gases (notably N2O) produced from grazing by livestock, as well as offering some opportunities for increasing meat and milk production. These benefits have been shown consistently in the UK, but here we report a series of investigations which suggest the high sugar grass (HSG) trait may not be so consistently or readily expressed in field conditions in New Zealand. First, the cultivars AberDart (HSG) and Fennema (control) were grown in paddocks in the Manawatu (Aorangi) and studied from July 2001 to October 2002. Total WSC levels in the harvestable component (leaf snips) increased during spring in both cultivars, but the differences between the HSG and control were smaller than seen in the UK and were only marginally significant (P = 0.063). Likewise, no consistent differences in WSC in leaf blades were found in a second trial, grown this time in pots outdoors, where water and nutrients were more controlled. This second trial included not just AberDart, but the original HSG, AberDove, which had been the focus of many successful trials in the UK. An analysis of the environmental factors that might be relevant to the expression of the quality trait 'high sugar', and of possible differences between UK and NZ climates and trials, led us to a third series of experiments, conducted in NZ, in controlled environment chambers. Total WSC became substantially greater (> 2fold) in all three cultivars when grown at 10oC (day and night) than at 20oC but only at 10 oC did one HSG, AberDove, show a small, but significantly greater WSC, than Fennema (P < 0.05). However, significantly higher levels of WSC (P < 0.05) were expressed in leaf blades of both AberDart and AberDove, compared to Fennema, when grown at temperatures of 20oC day / 10oC night (14h day), and especially (68% and 46% respectively) when this followed a period of cold (10 weeks at 5oC) and short days. Our findings suggest that low temperatures, either low night temperatures, or previous periods of sustained cold (

scholarly journals Development and Abortion of Flowers in Capsicum annuum Exposed to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 476A-476
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reduction of floral number in Capsicum annuum has been observed during growth at high temperature. To determine whether decreased flower production or increased flower abscission is a direct response to high temperatures or a response to water stress induced by high temperatures, we compared flowers and fruit produced and flowers aborted to leaf growth rate, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two cultivars. To determine the stage(s) of floral development that are most sensitive to high temperatures, flower buds were wax-embedded and examined at each stage of development during heat treatment. Rate of floral development also was examined. At first visible floral bud initiation, plants were transferred to each of three controlled environment growth chambers with set temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) of 25°C, 1.1 kPa; 33°C, 1.1 kPa; and 33°C, 2.1 kPa. Flower bud production and leaf growth rate were not significantly affected by high temperatures. Pepper fruit set, however, was inhibited at 33°C at either VPD. Preliminary water relations data suggested that water potentials were more negative under high temperature conditions. Differences in leaf fluorescence were statistically significant for temperature treatments, but not for VPD. Temperature is the primary factor in the decrease of fruit production in pepper. Decreased production is due to flower abortion and not to decreased flower initiation or plant growth.

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