Effects of photoperiod and temperature on flowering of twelve Stylosanthes species

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Cameron ◽  
L't Mannetje ◽  
Mannetje L 't
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climatic Adaptation ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Strong Control

The flowering of accessions from 12 Stylosanthes species was studied in two controlled environment experiments and a glasshouse experiment. In controlled environments photoperiod exerted a strong control over flowering with short day, day neutral and long day responses being recognized. High temperatures generally delayed flowering, increased the node of first flower and reduced the number of inflorescences, but acted as a modifier only of the basic control exerted by photoperiod. With natural photoperiods in the glasshouse, flowering responses were generally consistent with the photoperiod responses observed in controlled environments. The climatic adaptation of Stylosanthes species is discussed in relation to the alternative reproductive strategies of the photoperiod response types.

Ability of alleles of PPD1 and VRN1 genes to predict flowering time in diverse Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars in controlled environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell T. Bloomfield ◽  
James R. Hunt ◽  
Ben Trevaskis ◽  
Kerrie Ramm ◽  
Jessica Hyles
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
New Cultivars

Flowering time of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a critical determinant of grain yield. Frost, drought and heat stresses from either overly early or overly late flowering can inflict significant yield penalties. The ability to predict time of flowering from different sowing dates for diverse cultivars across environments in Australia is important for maintaining yield as autumn rainfall events become less reliable. However, currently there are no models that can accurately do this when new cultivars are released. Two major Photoperiod1 and three Vernalisation1 development genes, with alleles identified by molecular markers, are known to be important in regulating phasic development and therefore time to anthesis, in response to the environmental factors of temperature and photoperiod. Allelic information from molecular markers has been used to parameterise models that could predict flowering time, but it is uncertain how much variation in flowering time can be explained by different alleles of the five major genes. This experiment used 13 elite commercial cultivars of wheat, selected for their variation in phenology and in turn allelic variation at the major development genes, and 13 near-isogenic lines (NILs) with matching multi-locus genotypes for the major development genes, to quantify how much response in time to flowering could be explained by alleles of the major genes. Genotypes were grown in four controlled environments at constant temperature of 22°C with factorial photoperiod (long or short day) and vernalisation (±) treatments applied. NILs were able to explain a large proportion of the variation of thermal time to flowering in elite cultivars in the long-day environment with no vernalisation (97%), a moderate amount in the short-day environment with no vernalisation (62%), and less in the short-day (51%) and long-day (47%) environments with vernalisation. Photoperiod was found to accelerate development, as observed in a reduction in phyllochron, thermal time to heading, thermal time to flowering, and decreased final leaf numbers. Vernalisation response was not as great, and rates of development in most genotypes were not significantly increased. The results indicate that the alleles of the five major development genes alone cannot explain enough variation in flowering time to be used to parameterise gene-based models that will be accurate in simulating flowering time under field conditions. Further understanding of the genetics of wheat development, particularly photoperiod response, is required before a model with genetically based parameter estimates can be deployed to assist growers to make sowing-time decisions for new cultivars.

The effect of temperature and photoperiod on primary floral induction in three lines of alpine bluegrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Pahl ◽  
Barb Darroch
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Primary Induction ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Induction Temperature

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on primary floral induction in three lines of alpine bluegrass (Poa alpina L.) were studied in controlled environments. These lines were developed at the Alberta Environmental Centre from single plant accessions collected from the Alberta Rocky Mountains. Plants representing all three lines were subjected to temperatures of 3, 9, and 12 °C under dark (0 h), short-day (8 h), and long-day (18 h) photoperiods for durations of 6, 10, and 14 wk. Plants were subsequently transferred to conditions of 22 °C/15 °C, 18 h photoperiod and heading response was recorded. Primary floral induction was found to be favoured by low temperatures and/or short days with marked inhibition at 12 °C. Complete dark conditions were not inductive. Six weeks of primary induction was suboptimal with only 15% of plants flowering. However, 100% of plants flowered after 10 wk of primary induction at 3 °C under both long-day and short-day conditions. Differences among lines were significant for number of heading plants, number of heads per plant, time to heading, and critical induction duration. Primary induction in line 907 occurred at longer photoperiods, warmer temperatures, and in shorter durations than the other lines indicating a lesser induction requirement. Possible implications are discussed in the use of alpine bluegrass populations for revegetating disturbed mountain sites. Key words: Floral induction, temperature, photoperiod, Poa alpina, alpine bluegrass

Photoperiod response characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Major ◽  
M. R. Hanna ◽  
B. W. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
General Response

Ten cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were exposed to low temperatures for varying times and to a series of photoperiods in controlled environment cabinets to determine vernalization and photoperiod responses. There was a reduction in time of 2–16 d from emergence to flowering for vernalization treatments. Vernalization treatments of less than 1 d or greater than 28 d had similar numbers of days from emergence to flowering. The photoperiod response characteristics included the basic vegetative phase (BVP), which is a juvenile phase that must be completed before the plant is responsive to photoperiod, the maximal optimal photoperiod (MOP), the photoperiod beyond which flowering occurs in a constant number of days, and photoperiod sensitivity, the number of days delay in flowering per hour increase in photoperiod. Anik and Vernal comprised a group with the longest BVP, 29.0 d; a group of six cultivars had a mean BVP of 27.6 d, and Maris Kabul and Saranac had the shortest BVP, 25.6 d. The MOP was greatest for Beaver (19 h), shortest for Vernal (17.7 h) and intermediate for the remaining cultivars (18.3 h). Alfalfa was confirmed as a long-day plant, because the time to flowering decreased as photoperiod was lengthened. This results in negative photoperiod sensitivity values. Anik, with a photoperiod sensitivity of −20.50 d h−1, was different from the rest of the cultivars, with a photoperiod sensitivity ranging from −8.51 to −5.08 d h−1. These results demonstrate that alfalfa photoperiod response is consistent with the general response observed for annual long-day species of crop plants and suggest that legume breeders may be able to incorporate specific photoperiod characteristics into alfalfa cultivars in order to optimize harvest dates. Key words: Daylength, development, flowering

scholarly journals Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Langstroff ◽  
Marc C. Heuermann ◽  
Andreas Stahl ◽  
Astrid Junker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Response Traits

AbstractRising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant‘s phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.

Control of torpor and body weight patterns by a seasonal timer in Siberian hamsters

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. R142-R149 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
J. A. Elliott ◽  
B. D. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Implant Removal ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Pelage Color ◽  
Seasonal Responses

Two experiments were designed to assess whether the short-day-induced patterns of shallow daily torpor, body weight, and other seasonal responses (food intake and pelage pigmentation) exhibited by Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) are under the control of a "seasonal timekeeping mechanism" that is independent of reproductive status [testosterone, (T)]. We examined whether the patterning and expression of these seasonal responses were altered by decreases in serum T that accompany gonadal regression during the first 8 wk of short-day exposure (i.e., the "preparatory phase" of the torpor season) or by experimental increases in serum T after this phase. Short-day-housed, castrated hamsters bearing T implants had long-day levels of the hormone and did not exhibit torpor. Appropriate seasonal patterns and levels of torpor, body weight, pelage color stage, and food intake were exhibited after T implant removal although serum T was clamped to long-day levels during the preparatory phase. In animals that were gonad intact during the preparatory phase and were subsequently castrated and given T implants, torpor did not occur as long as the implants were in place. However, the patterns and levels of daily torpor, food intake, and body weight rapidly returned to appropriate seasonal values compared with the castrated, blank-implanted controls on T implant removal; these effects occurred whether the T implants were removed when torpor frequency was increasing, at its peak, or decreasing across the torpor season. T did not affect pelage color stage under any condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cessation of Long Day Melatonin Rhythms Time Puberty in a Short Day Breeder*

Endocrinology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 1636-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS L. FOSTER ◽  
FRANCIS J. P. EBLING ◽  
LEE E. CLAYPOOL ◽  
CELIA J. I. WOODFILL
Keyword(s):  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day

Experimental Method for Creep Crack Growth Testing in Controlled Environments at High Temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Grierson ◽  
G. Cao ◽  
P. Brooks ◽  
P. Pezzi ◽  
A. Glaudell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Creep Crack Growth ◽  
Creep Crack ◽  
Controlled Environments

Transcriptomic analysis of Allium sativum uncovers putative genes involved in photoperiodic pathway and hormone signaling under long day and short day conditions

Plant Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111095
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jawaad Atif ◽  
Bakht Amin ◽  
Muhammad Imran Ghani ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Somia Khursheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day
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