The effect of the frequency of ingestion of urea on voluntary feed intake, organic matter digestibility and nitrogen balance of sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Tudor ◽  
JG Morris
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The effect of the frequency of ingestion of urea by wethers on the voluntary feed intake, organic matter digestibility, and nitrogen balance was determined. Two rations, one a pelleted mixture of sorghum stubble, sorghum grain, molasses, volatile fatty acids, and minerals (1.23 per cent N) and the other a cereal straw (0.44 per cent N) plus minerals, were used. All sheep, except a control group, received a total of 6 g of urea per day, as a drench, either in one dose of 6 g, two of 3 g, three of 2 g or two 6 g doses three hours apart on every second day. All sheep dosed with urea ate more feed than the control group. The increase was greater for those that received the straw than for those that received the pelleted ration. Feed intake increased with increasing frequency of urea administration. Urea also increased the organic matter digestibility of the cereal straw, and the nitrogen balance of sheep given this ration but did not affect digestibility or nitrogen balance in sheep fed the pelleted ration. Sheep fed cereal straw supplemented with urea lost significantly less weight than the unsupplemented sheep.

Influence of Customized Supplement on Voluntary Feed Intake and Nutrient Metabolism in Crossbred Calves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K Chaudhary ◽  
Narayan Dutta ◽  
S E Jadhav ◽  
A K Pattanaik
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
P Retention

The present study was carried out to ascertain the effect of dietary inclusion of a customised supplement to farmers’ based diet on voluntary feed intake and nutrient metabolism in crossbred calves. In order to carry out the experiment, fifteen crossbred calves (18 months old; 166.53±4.93 kg mean BW) were randomly allocated to 3 groups (5 calves in each group) as CON, Treat and SBR, in a CRD for 30 days. The calves in CON (control) group were fed on cereal straw based diet with concentrate mixture as per the farmers’ practices, whereas, the calves in Treat were fed according to CON with additional customized supplement @ 0.25% of BW. The calves in SBR group were fed standard diet as per Kearl (1982). The intake (gd-1) of DM and OM was significantly Pandlt;0.01 higher in SBR than Treat and CON groups, while DM and OM intake as % of BW in Treat group has an intermediate position between SBR and CON groups. The concentrate intake (gd-1) was significantly Pandlt;0.001 higher in SBR followed by Treat and CON group, respectively. However, intake of wheat straw and green maize was found to be identical Pandlt;0.05 among all the groups. The digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly Pandlt;0.05)higher in Treat and SBR groups than CON. The N-retention as per cent of intake and absorbed-N was significantly Pandlt;0.001 higher in Treat and SBR groups than CON. The Ca and P retention gd-1 was significantly Pandlt;0.001 higher in SBR group followed by Treat and CON groups. The intake gd-1 and density % of DCP and TDN were significantly Pandlt;0.001 higher in SBR group followed by Treat and CON groups. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation of the customised supplement (@ 0.25% of BW) to CON diet significantly improved the voluntary feed intake and nutrient metabolism in crossbred calves.

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low-quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Moran ◽  
BW Norton ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Fluid Flow Rate ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality (0.8% nitrogen) sorghum hay was studied in Brahman cross, buffalo, banteng and Shorthorn steers. Comparisons of diet utilization were made after data were adjusted for differences in liveweight and feed intake. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between species in voluntary feed intake, faecal excretion of organic matter, cellulose and energy, and urinary excretion of nitrogen, phosphorus and energy. Utilization of water was least efficient in the buffaloes and most efficient in the banteng. The concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumens of Brahman crosses, buffaloes and bantengs were similar, but the Brahman crosses had a higher proportion of butyric and a lower proportion of propionic acid than the other two species. The bantengs had a smaller rumen fluid volume and a slower rumen fluid flow rate but all three species had similar mean marker residence times in the rumen. The results from this experiment support the view that there are few differences between cattle species in their ability to digest and utilize a low quality roughage when comparisons are made between animals of similar liveweight and feed intake.

The relationship between plasma testosterone concentrations and the seasonal variation in voluntary feed intake in fallow bucks (Dama dama)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. NEWMAN ◽  
S. J. McCONNELL ◽  
R. H. WESTON ◽  
M. REEVES ◽  
C. BERNASCONI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
The Relationship

In two experiments conducted at Badgery's Creek, NSW (Latitude 34°S) the roles of testosterone and the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) as possible initiators of the change in voluntary feed intake (VFI) associated with the seasonal reproductive behaviour (rut) in male fallow deer were investigated.In Expt 1, the association between changes in these hormones with the onset of the rut was assessed in deer in which the timing of this event was manipulated by changing the photoperiod, or by melatonin administration. Groups were maintained under either natural photoperiod (n=6; control), a constant long daylength (16 h light[ratio ]8 h dark; n=9; LD group) or a constant long daylength and implanted with melatonin capsules (n=5; LD+M group) for 7 months from December until the following July. Blood samples were obtained weekly and VFI recorded.Feed intake decreased by 94% from the last week of March for 3 weeks in the control group. Changes of a similar magnitude were measured in the LD and LD+M groups but these changes were advanced by 1 and 9 weeks respectively in these groups. In all groups, circulating testosterone concentrations increased markedly at a time corresponding with the decrease in VFI. The concentrations returned to basal levels with the resumption in VFI. A distinct decrease in plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 in all three groups was associated with the decrease in VFI, however, the relationship with T3 was less apparent.In Expt 2, the role of testosterone in the regulation of the decline in VFI was investigated. Fallow bucks were treated with testosterone enanthate every 4 or 5 days for 28 days up to 6 weeks prior to the expected onset of the rut. Plasma testosterone concentrations, which were increased 13-fold, resulted in a decline in VFI which was comparable to that observed in the subsequent rut. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were correlated negatively with the decline in VFI.Thus, the seasonal increase in circulating testosterone concentrations plays an important role in initiating the fall in VFI associated with the rut. As the rut was still apparent in animals maintained under an extended photoperiod, it is possible that factors other than decreasing daylength act as the cue for the timing of the rut.

A study on the effect of frequency of urea ingestion on the utilization of low quality roughage by steers

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (80) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Romero ◽  
BD Siebert ◽  
RM Murray
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Negative Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Positive Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Steers were fed a low quality roughage supplemented with 50 g urea day-1 administered at different frequencies. The effect of the different treatments was measured in terms of intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and changes of some rumen fermentation measures in two different but complementary experiments. Utilization of the roughage was enhanced as the frequency of ingestion of urea increased. Organic matter digestibility was unaffected but voluntary intake was stimulated by all urea treatments. There was negative nitrogen balance in control animals but all treated were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the greatest retention was produced when urea was sprayed onto the ration. Possible reasons for the better utilization of urea as the frequency of ingestion spreads over the day are suggested by the results observed in the fermentation measures considered.

scholarly journals Lack of response to garlic fed at different dose rates for the control of Haemonchus contortus in Merino wether lambs

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Strickland ◽  
J. S. Fisher ◽  
W. T. Potts ◽  
G. W. Hepworth
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Over Time

With the increased incidence of parasite resistance to chemical anthelmintics worldwide novel approaches to manage parasite infection, such as medicinal plants and their extracts, are being investigated by the scientific community. The current study tested the effect of three rates of garlic (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6%) in a pelleted ration on Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Thirty-nine Merino wether lambs aged 6 months were divided into five treatment groups, including three garlic dose rates and two control groups that received no garlic. All animals were infected with 4000 L3 H. contortus larvae 3 weeks after allocation to treatments. A positive control group was drenched with abamectin 28 days after infection. The synthetic drench was effective in controlling the parasites, but there was no reduction in either worm egg counts (WEC) or total worm count due to the garlic. The 3.6% garlic treatment had significantly lower (P < 0.05) liveweight, feed intake, body condition score and feed conversion ratio than any of the other treatment groups, suggesting that this level of garlic had a low level of anti-nutritional properties. There was an interaction between faecal WEC and voluntary feed intake over time, with the animals with higher voluntary feed intake having lower WEC over time.

Wheat as a survival ration for sheep. 1. The digestion of wheat and formaldehyde treated wheat

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
JP Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of wheat and formaldehyde (HCHO) treated wheat and the metabolites formed during their digestion were examined in three experiments. The wheat ranged in nitrogen content from 2.4 to 2.6 g N/100 g organic matter. HCHO treatment had little effect on organic matter digestibility or on the proportions of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen although total VFA concentration and the proportion of organic matter digested in the stomach declined. The effect of HCHO treatment on apparent nitrogen digestibility varied between experiments although N retention and the quantity of nitrogen digested in the intestines were generally increased. The addition of urea to HCHO treated diets had no effect on digestibility, the quantity of N digested in the intestine, the concentration of total VFA or on the proportions of individual acids. Abomasal infusion of L-lysine hydrochloride and DL-methionine induced a small but not significant increase in nitrogen retention.

Effects of supplement grain type and level of feeding on the milk production of early-lactation Holstein - Friesian cows grazing temperate and tropical pastures

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Two experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of supplement grain type (barley v. maize) and level of feeding [4.5 v. 8.1 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day] on the milk production, nutrient intake and rumen fermentation of cows grazing swards of biennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. Concord), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii cv. Matua) (expt 1) or kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Common) (expt 2). There were no interactions (P>0.05) between grain type and level of feeding (G × L) on milk production, liveweight change or condition score in either experiment. When the main effects were examined, feeding maize as opposed to barley resulted in higher milk protein concentrations (P = 0.001) in both experiments (2.96 v. 2.83% and 2.91 v. 2.71% for expts 1 and 2, respectively), higher milk fat concentration (P = 0.001; 3.85 v. 3.36%) and daily milk fat yield per cow (P = 0.029; 875 v. 791 g) in experiment 1, and higher daily yield (P = 0.004) of milk protein in experiment 2 (618 v. 578 g). In both experiments, feeding increased supplement resulted in higher (P<0.05) daily yields per cow of milk (24.1 v. 22.0 L and 23.6 v. 20.1 L for expts 1 and 2, respectively) and milk protein (703 v. 637 g and 646 v. 550 g for expts 1 and 2, respectively), and lower (P<0.05) milk fat concentrations (3.46 v. 3.76% and 3.25 v. 3.57% for expts 1 and 2, respectively). In both experiments, there were no G × L interactions (P>0.05) on pasture intake, neutral detergent fibre digestibility or rumen concentrations of ammonia or volatile fatty acids. There were G × L interactions on organic matter digestibility (P = 0.019) in experiment 1 and on starch digestibility (P = 0.003) in experiment 2, with cows fed 4.5 kg DM/day of barley having higher organic matter digestibility, and cows fed either level of barley having higher starch digestibility. In both experiments, feeding more supplement reduced (P>0.05) daily pasture intake per cow (13.3 v. 11.3 kg DM and 9.9 v. 8.3 kg DM for expts 1 and 2, respectively). Feeding barley rather than maize caused higher starch digestibility (P = 0.006) in experiment 1 (93.0 v. 89.8%), and higher organic matter digestibility (P = 0.021) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (P = 0.009) in experiment 2 (70.8 v. 69.3% and 62.9 v. 59.7%, for organic matter digestibility and neutral detergent fibre digestibility, respectively). Feeding maize rather than barley reduced (P = 0.034) rumen molar proportion of butyrate (16.1 v. 17.6 mol %) in experiment 1. These experiments show that feeding supplements based on maize, as opposed to barley can: increase the milk fat concentration and yield of cows grazing temperate pastures; increase the milk protein yield of cows grazing tropical pastures; and increase the milk protein concentration of cows grazing either temperate or tropical pastures.

Production and transformation of volatile fatty acids from sludge subjected to hydrothermal treatment

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shanableh ◽  
S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Accumulation

The production of useful organic matter from sludge expands the potential for utilizing the product as a resource. This paper is focused on the accumulation and removal of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced from primary, secondary and a mixture of both sludges using hydrothermal treatment with and without the use of oxidants. The results confirmed that the maximum accumulation of VFAs was achieved at moderate hydrothermal treatment temperatures below 200°C, and was dependent on the composition of sludge and the amount of oxidant used for treatment. The maximum accumulation reached 0.26-0.36 mg VFAs as COD per mg VS from the three sludge types. Acetic acid dominated the VFAs and was followed by propionic acid, with the other VFAs accounting for less than 5% of the total VFAs. As hydrothermal treatment progressed in terms of COD removal, the contribution of acetic acid to the total VFAs increased while the contributions of the other VFAs decreased. The VFAs constituted a major component of the accumulated dissolved organic matter, which reached a maximum of 0.5-0.7 mg soluble COD per mg VS from the three sludge types.

scholarly journals Effect of ruminal mechanical stimulating brushes on the performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows

Mljekarstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Radko Loucka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Increase Milk Production ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that artificial brushes administered to the rumen can partially replace the function of structural fibre, and increase milk production or quality. To mitigate the risks of feeding low levels of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) to cattle, the administration of ruminal mechanical stimulating (RMS) brushes was examined in 22 high-yielding lactating Holstein dairy cows. The cows were divided into an experimental group equipped with RMS brushes and a control group without RMS. Cows were fed four experimental total mixed rations (TMR) consisting of fixed amounts of alfalfa silage, maize silage, rush corn cob mix silage and different proportions of brewer’s grains, concentrate and wheat straw. The TMRs had the following 4 peNDF contents: 10.9 %, 13.0 %, 12.6 % and 14.0 %. The duration of the experiment was 18 weeks. All cows were fed TMRs with a low structural fibre content near levels associated with a risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). For the RMS brush group, 3 RMS brushes were inserted orally into the rumen using a special applicator. The effects of RMS brushes on feed intake, rumen fermentation and milk production were evaluated. Ruminal fluid (250 mL) was taken using a stomach tube for pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen analysis. A significant increase was found for the feed intake and milk yield of the RMS group fed the TMRs with 13.0 % peNDF although no relationship between peNDF content and RMS TMRs was found. No significant increase in milk quality, rumen pH or rumen fermentation metabolites was declared for the group with RMS brushes. Although RMS brush technology only partially reduced the requirements for peNDF, it may decrease the risk of SARA.

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