Wheat as a survival ration for sheep. 1. The digestion of wheat and formaldehyde treated wheat

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
JP Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of wheat and formaldehyde (HCHO) treated wheat and the metabolites formed during their digestion were examined in three experiments. The wheat ranged in nitrogen content from 2.4 to 2.6 g N/100 g organic matter. HCHO treatment had little effect on organic matter digestibility or on the proportions of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen although total VFA concentration and the proportion of organic matter digested in the stomach declined. The effect of HCHO treatment on apparent nitrogen digestibility varied between experiments although N retention and the quantity of nitrogen digested in the intestines were generally increased. The addition of urea to HCHO treated diets had no effect on digestibility, the quantity of N digested in the intestine, the concentration of total VFA or on the proportions of individual acids. Abomasal infusion of L-lysine hydrochloride and DL-methionine induced a small but not significant increase in nitrogen retention.

Nutritional studies with sheep fed conserved ryegrass. 2. Silage supplemented with dried grass or barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wernli ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SummaryGrass silage (21.0 % D.M.) was given ad libitum to sheep together with supplements of rolled barley, dried-grass pellets or dried-grass wafers at 12 and 25 g organic matter (OM)/kg0·75.Intake of silage was greater with supplement at 12 g/kg0·75 but total intake of OM and digestible organic matter (DOM) increased with increasing supplement. Intake of OM was higher with the pellet supplement than with other supplements. Intake of DOM, however, did not differ between the pellet and barley treatments, but was lower with wafers.Concentrations of ammonia and total volatile fatty acids and the molar proportions of butyric and higher volatile fatty acids were higher when silage was supplemented with barley than with dried grass. Mean rumen retention times of silage and of supplement were highest in the barley-supplemented treatments. Dried-grass wafers were retained longer than dried-grass pellets. Supplement treatments did not differ significantly for eating and ruminating times, rumen fluid volume and pH, digestion rate in the rumen and nitrogen retention.At the low supplement rate silage consumption may have been controlled by factors associated directly with the silage, whereas at the high rate intake was limited either by physical factors or by the potential energy demand of the animals.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals The effect of changes in the amount of energy infused as volatile fatty acids on the nitrogen retention and creatinine excretion of lambs wholly nourished by intragastric infusion

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Energy Maintenance

1. The nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion of wether lambs of 30–48 kg, wholly nourished by the intragastric infusion of nutrients, were measured in two experiments. Four lambs were used in each experiment. In Expt 1 a constant amount of casein was infused into the abomasum (640 mg N/kg body-weight (W)0·75 per d) and the amount of volatile fatty acids (VFA) infused into the rumen ranged from 0 to 670 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as six increments. Expt 2 was of similar design but two levels of casein were infused (530 and 1060 mg N/kg W0·75 per d) and, with each level of casein, VFA infused ranged from 0 to 700 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as seven increments.2. Daily creatinine excretion was not constant, but varied between 2-d means with standard deviations of between 7·1 and 16·5% (average 13·1%) of the over-all means. There was an apparent correlation between creatinine excretion and the amount of energy infused in six out of eight lambs. There was no effect of the amount of casein infused.3. In both experiments N balance was negative only when the amount of energy infused was substantially below published values for energy maintenance. In Expt 1, N equilibrium was calculated to be achieved at a gross (VFA plus protein) energy infusion level of 162 (SE 29) kJ/kg W0·75 per d. In Expt 2 it was observed that, at a given level of energy infusion, N retention was greater when the amount of energy had been increased from the previous level, than when it had been decreased.4. It is concluded that the animal appears to allocate available amino acids to protein synthesis, rather than to oxidation, even when in negative energy balance. It is also concluded that the enhanced N retention observed when the amount of energy infused had been increased represented compensation after a period of energy restriction.

scholarly journals Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Schutte ◽  
J. de Jong ◽  
R. Polziehn ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Pentose Sugars

Hemicellulose consists primarily of pentose sugars, joined together in a polysaccharide chain with d-xylose as the most abundant component. Ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of d-xylose and associated effects of this pentose sugar on ileal and faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen were studied in pigs. Castrated pigs were prepared with a post-valvular T-caecum cannula to measure ileal digestibility. Faecal digestibility was measured in non-cannulated pigs. d-xylose was given at dietary inclusion levels of 100 and 200 g/kg, and the control sugar, d-glucose, at a rate of 200 g/kg diet. Ileal digestibility of d-xylose as well as that of d-glucose was found to be close to 100%. The presence of d-xylose in the diet decreased ileal digesta pH and increased ileal flow of volatile fatty acids, suggesting the occurrence of microbial degradation of d-xylose in the pig small intestine. In pigs fed on the 100 g d-xylose/kg diet, 44.5% of the d-xylose intake appeared in the urine. This percentage increased significantly to 52.6 when pigs were fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet. Ileal and faecal digestibility of DM, OM, GE and N, as well as N retention, decreased significantly in pigs fed on the 200 g d-xylose/kg diet.

scholarly journals Effect of ileo-rectal anastomosis and post-valve T-caecum cannulation on growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. KÖhler ◽  
R. Mosenthin ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
J. Huisman ◽  
L. A. Den Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Rectal Anastomosis ◽  
N Retention

The effects of post-valve T-caecum (PVTC) cannulation and end-to-side ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) on growth performance, nitrogen retention and intestinal fermentation were measured in growing pigs by comparison with a control group of intact animals. There were no differences between PVTC-pigs and intact pigs in growth performance and N balance. In IRA-animals reduced growth (P < 0.01), less efficient feed conversion (P < 0.01) and decreased N retention (P < 0.001) were found. Indices of fermentation measured in deal digesta of PVTC- and IRA-pigs were considerably different. In IRA-animals the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was about 112–162 mmol/l, higher (P < 0.001) than in digesta of PVTC-pigs (20–31 mmol/l). The molar proportions of acetate and propionate depended (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively) on the digesta-collection technique. Concentrations and ratios of VFA measured in PVTC-pigs were similar to reported values. Diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) concentration and N:DAPA ratios measured in digesta were significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001 respectively) different between treatments. All digesta variables measured showed increased microbial activity in digesta of IRA-pigs; thus, an influence on digestibility measurement can be assumed.

scholarly journals PENGARUH LAMA WAKTU ENSILASE RUMPUT GAJAH YANG DIBERI MOLASES ATAU LUMPUR KECAP TERHADAP FERMENTABILITAS DAN KECERNAAN IN VITRO

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Iman Hernaman ◽  
Lukman Purwanto ◽  
Handi Burhanuddin ◽  
Atun Budiman ◽  
Budi Ayuningsih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro of Elephant grass silage using molasses and soy sauce sludge as additives with different length of ensilage. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. The data collected was carried out by variance and Duncan's test. The elephant grass is carried out by the ensilage process using molasses and soy sauce sludge additives as much as 5% with an incubation time of 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The results showed that the incubation time resulted in the concentration of volatile fatty acids, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility which were significantly different (P <0.05), but not the ammonia (N-NH3) concentration. The use of soy sauce sludge additive resulted in higher volatile fatty acid and dry matter and organic matter digestibility compared to the use of molasses with the average volatile fatty acids (139.21 vs 102.92 mM), dry matter digestibility (73.34 vs 69.18%), and organic matter digestibility (66.47 vs 61.74%). The use of 5% soy sauce sludge with an ensilage duration of 12 weeks resulted in the highest average of volatile fatty acids and dry matter and organic digestibility, respectively, namely 150.67 mM, 76.10%, and 69.26%. In conclusion, the use of soy sauce sludge as much as 5% and 12 weeks of ensilage in making elephant grass silage resulted in the best fermentability and digestibility. 

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