The effects of close grazing and cutting on the yield, persistence, and nitrogen content of four tropical legumes with Rhodes grass at Samford, south-eastern Queensland

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (38) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Grazing Sheep

Four legumes, Lotononis bainesii, Ghcine javanica cv. Cooper, Phaseolus atropurptreus cv. Siratro, and Desmodium uncinatm cv. Silverleaf were grown with Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Under the frequent regular defoliation by grazing sheep, or by cutting at two inches, yield of all legume species steadily declined, and there was no difference between the effects of grazing and those of cutting. G. iavanica was more persistent under grazing and also in the undefoliated plots than the other species. White clover volunteered in the defoliated treatments and its dry matter yields were sometimes higher than the sown legume yields. Clover yield in the grazed plots was about twice that in the cut treatments and this was reflected by a higher nitrogen content, and subsequently a higher yield, in the grass component of the grazed plots. No positive differences could be detected between the effects of the four legumes on grass nitrogen or yield. On the undefoliated plots the legumes became dominant and suppressed the grass, except for L. bainesii, which almost disappeared in all plots.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Some Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Genotypes for Their Salt Tolerance, Biomass Yield and Nutrient Composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Worku Daba ◽  
Asad Sarwar Qureshi ◽  
Bethel Nekir Nisaren
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
The Impact

The livestock productivity in Ethiopia is seriously constrained by the shortage of fodder due to increasing soil salinization. Therefore, restoration of salt-affected lands into productive soils through salt-tolerant forages and improved irrigation and crop management practices is crucial for enhancing the productivity of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. In this three-year study, pot trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of five different soil salinity levels (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m−1) on plant growth, biomass production, and nutrient quality attributes of three Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) genotypes (ILRI-6633, ILRI-7384, CV-massaba). Increasing soil salinity negatively affected germination percentage (GP) and mean germination time (MGT) of all genotypes. For all salinity levels, the highest GP was observed for ILRI-6633 and the lowest for CV-massaba. Plant height and chlorophyll content for ILRI-6633 was higher than the other two genotypes. The crude protein (CP) content was higher in low dry matter-producing genotype (ILRI-7384). The performance of ILRI-6633 at all salinity levels was superior to the other two genotypes. CV-massaba genotype performed better under low to medium soil salinity conditions. Therefore, ILRI-6633 and CV-massaba genotypes have excellent potential to increase forage production in salt-affected areas of Ethiopia.

Uptake by grass and transfer to soil of nitrogen from 15N-labelled legume materials applied to a Rhodes grass pasture

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Second Year

Unground legume materials labelled with 15N were applied to the soil surface under a Rhodes grass pasture in south-eastern Queensland and the recovery of the applied 15N was followed over periods of 1-3 years. Comparisons were made between two legumes, Macroptiliurn atropurpureurn cv. Siratro and Desrnodiurn intorturn cv. Greenleaf, between leaf and stem materials of different nitrogen (N) concentrations (0.5-3.8% N), and between fresh and dried materials. After 1 year, 15N in the applied materials had decreased by 25-91%, and 7-25% was recovered in the Rhodes grass. Except for leaf material of Greenleaf, these changes showed a positive, non-linear relationship to the percentage of N (%N) in the applied materials. The changes for leaves of Greenleaf were less than would be predicted from their %N. Drying Siratro leaves and stems before applying them to the soil surface did not significantly affect the above changes. For N-poor materials (0.5-1.8% N) applied at 380-1360 g dry matter m-2, uptake of 15N by Rhodes grass was greater in the second year than in the first year, whereas for N-rich materials (3.8%N) applied at 140 g dry matter m-2 uptake of 15N in the second and third years was only 23 and 12% respectively of that in the first year.

The production and persistence of grazed irrigated pasture mixtures in south-eastern Queensland

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jones ◽  
Davies J Griffiths ◽  
RB Waite ◽  
IF Fergus
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Five irrigated pasture mixtures (four containing tropical and temperate species and one containing only temperate species (winter mixture) ) were compared under grazing at three nitrogen levels -nil, 100, and 300 lb N an acre a year as urea-over a four-year period 1960-1963. Pastures were grazed for approximately one week every six weeks with a twelve-week rest period in the winter of 1962 and 1963. Under this management mean annual yields of dry matter increased from 15,700 lb to 25,000 lb an acre over the four-year period. Pasture growth rates varied from over 90 lb DM an acre a day in early summer to 10-40 lb DM an acre a day in winter due to variations in radiation and temperature. Urea increased pasture dry matter yields and also the yields of nitrogen measured in 1961 and 1962. Mean response was 19 lb and 14.5 lb DM/lb N applied at the N100 and N300 rates respectively. Yield of nitrogen was increased by a mean of 79 lb an acre a year by application of urea, but there was no significant difference between rates. Dry matter responses to urea were small in winter and spring and large in summer and autumn. The N300 rate reduced the yield of white clover in the first two years of the pasture, but there was no reduction in the yield of white clover at the N100 rate compared with the N0 treatment. There were no significant differences in yield between the pasture mixtures in the establishment year. In subsequent years mixtures containing summer and winter species outyielded (P<0.001) the winter mixture, particularly in summer and autumn. The pattern of production was similar for all mixtures and there was no significant difference between mixtures in yield of nitrogen. Chloris gayana Kunth CV. Samford and Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf and C. E. Hubbard CV. Nandi. were the most successful summer grasses and Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. cv. Priebes, the best winter grass. Three Paspalum species failed to compete with the Setaria and three winter grasses were low yielding after the first year. Trifolium repens L. CV. Ladino was the only successful legume of three winter and three summer legumes sown. It enabled yields of 400 lb N an acre a year to be achieved, increased total soil nitrogen, and made an estimated contribution of 760-810 lb N an acre over the four-year period. It is considered to be the key species for irrigated pastures in south-eastern Queensland.

Survey of the productivity, composition and estimated inputs of fixed nitrogen by pastures in central-western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bowman ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Wales

Total productivity and legume nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) in dryland pastures were examined in a 2 year study (1999–2001) on 118 farms in central-western New South Wales. Pasture exclosure cages, placed at 217 on-farm sites, were harvested on 7 occasions and the foliage hand-sorted according to species in order to measure shoot dry matter (DM). The separated legume shoot material collected in spring 1999 (52 different legume samples) and 2000 (76 different legume samples) from a subset of representative pastures (41 cages on 28 different farms in 1999, 32 cages on 25 different farms in 2000) was also analysed for concentration of nitrogen (%N) and 15N natural abundance. These data were subsequently used to calculate the proportion of the legume shoot N derived from atmospheric N (%Ndfa), comparative measures of the relative efficiency of N2 fixation (kg N fixed/t DM accumulated) and the amounts of shoot N fixed (kg N/ha). The survey encompassed 8 common pasture types, and 5 others that were less common, ranging from native perennial grass pastures with little legume content to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures with and without companion clovers. Fifteen legume species were found in the pastures, some only occasionally. Lucerne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were the only perennials. Mean spring estimates of %Ndfa were similar in 1999 and 2000 for lucerne (72 and 81%, respectively), rose clover (T. hirtum All., 82 and 77%) and annual medics (Medicago spp., 89 and 86%). For the remaining 12 legume species, measures of %Ndfa ranged from 64 to 95% and averaged 83%. Shoot %N contents were greater for lucerne than for the other 14 legumes and this was reflected in the comparative measures of N2 fixation which ranged from 14.5 kg N/t DM for rose clover to 25.7 kg N/t DM for lucerne in 2000. The most productive pasture type comprised lucerne plus balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], white clover or arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), but all pasture types that contained lucerne were highly productive. Spring was the most productive season and summer the least. Lucerne was overwhelmingly the most productive legume and was responsible for >83% of the fixed N in those pastures that contained both lucerne and other legumes. Lucerne productivity was approximately uniform throughout the year whereas, for other pastures, especially those based on rose clover or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), there were sharp peaks in spring and little or no dry matter production over summer. The presence of lucerne in pastures significantly (P<0.05) reduced broadleaf weeds. It was concluded that, where there are requirements in central-western New South Wales agriculture for uniform forage production throughout the year and a high input of fixed N, lucerne is substantially superior to other species.

The competitive and yielding ability of some sub-tropical pasture species sown alone and in mixtures under intermittent grazing at Samford, south-eastern Queensland

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jones ◽  
Davies J Griffiths ◽  
RB Waite
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Eleven introduced tropical grasses were compared in single grass swards and nine of these were compared in mixtures containing two or three grasses. The pastures received 300 lb nitrogen an acre a year as urea and were grazed five times a year. A basal legume mixture of tropical legumes and white clover sown with the grasses failed to persist. There were large differences between the grasses in competitive ability and this varied with time. Samford Rhodes grass, Nandi setaria, and Pangola were the most aggressive, and the Paspalum species-P. plicatulum P. dilatum and P. commersonii the least aggressive. Hyparrhenia hirta, which had done well at low nitrogen levels, failed to compete with weed grasses at the higher nitrogen level used in this study. Rhyncheytrum repens and commercial Rhodes grass were the dominant weed grasses in the establishment year. These rapidly decreased with time, and Digitaria didacola-blue couch, became the dominant weed species. Plots containing Nandi setaria, Samford Rhodes grass, or Pangola, gave the highest yields, and plots containing P. dilatatum the lowest. There was no yield advantage in combining grasses in mixtures-the mixture giving similar or lower yields than the best grass in the mixture grown alone. Under a period of farm grazing the three Rhodes grasses used declined sharply and the proportion of blue couch increased. The high yields from plots dominated by blue couch indicate that, agronomically, this has been a neglected naturalized species. Only Nandi setaria and Pangola were able to compete effectively with blue couch under the 'farm grazing' management imposed.

EFFECT OF DATES OF CUTTING ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gasser ◽  
L. Lachance ◽  
P. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chemical Content

In two experiments, one with alfalfa and the other with birdsfoot trefoil, we have been able to show that a late cut in October does not adversely affect dry matter yield (DAI) of the legumes. Three cuts during a harvesting season ending on September 5 were detrimental to alfalfa, since lower yields were obtained the following year of harvest. Birdsfoot trefoil varieties were affected differentially. Three cuts did not affect the yield of Viking the following year, but did so of Empire. Significant differences in dry matter yields were obtained between DuPuits and Vernal and between Viking and Empire. Protein in the forage followed inversely the same pattern as that of DM yields, that is, where the intervals were shortest, the protein content was highest, and conversely. The total available carbohydrate and the nitrogen content of the roots were lowest following the treatments which had the shortest intervals between them.

The effect of sodium on potassium nutrition and ionic relations in Rhodes grass

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
FW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Potassium Nutrition ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Chloris Gayana

The effects of sodium on the response of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) to potassium have been studied in pot trials. The amount of potassium required to achieve maximum growth was progressively reduced as the level of sodium application was increased from 0 to 400 mg per pot. The concentration of potassium in the tops of plants growing at 95% of maximum yield was also progressively reduced from 2.7% in plants not fertilized with sodium to 0.5% in plants receiving 400 mg sodium per pot. It is concluded that such interactions between the levels of major elements preclude the use of a 'critical potassium level' for diagnosing potassium deficiency in Rhodes grass. An alternative diagnostic scheme which takes account of interactions between some of the major elements is suggested. This scheme requires that plants would be adequately supplied with potassium if two criteria were met simultaneously: the potassium concentration was above the minimum specifically required (0.5% of the dry matter for Rhodes grass) and the cation-anion balance was above a minimum level characteristic for that particular species (800 m-equiv./kg dry weight for Rhodes grass).

scholarly journals LOTUS, WHITE CLOVER AND CAUCASION CLOVER OVERSOWING, MESOPOTAMIA STATION, SOUTH CANTERBURY

1981 ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
J.G.H. White ◽  
G.T. Daly ◽  
P. Jarvis ◽  
G. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Grassland Site

Results from a legume oversowing and phosphorus topdressing experiment are reported. The depleted tussock grassland site at 700 m altitude with 1000 mm rainfall, soil pH of 5.25 and low available P plus Hieracium weed invasion was typical of much South Island montane grazing land. 'Grasslands Maku' lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and 'Grasslands Huia' white clover (Trilolium repens L.) established rapidly and yields in the second year were similar but lotus gave higher yields subsequently. White clover had lower P% in leaf dry matter and higher scarab populations than lotus. Trijolium umbiguum cv. Prairie establishment was sparse and yields were low at first but after five years it had spread by rhizome growth to form a moderately productive sward. All legume species responded to increasing rates of P at establishment and to greater frequency of maintenance superphosphate but the most efficient superphosphate regime was for low to moderate rates (123 to 300 kg/ha) at sowing reinforced by annual topdressings at 125 kg/ha. Legume oversowing with fertilizer substantially reduced Hieracium pillosella cover.

scholarly journals A comparison of multi-species pasture with ryegrass-white clover pasture under dryland conditions

1996 ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Daly ◽  
R.M. Hunter ◽  
G.N. Green ◽  
L. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Herb Species ◽  
Clover Pasture

The performance of three different multi-species pastures (MSP), or mixed herb leys as they are also known, was compared with that of a standard ryegrass-white clover pasture (cvs Grasslands Super Nui-Grasslands Huia), over a 3-year period at two dryland sites. The MSP treatments had grass and legume species selected for compatibility and growth and aimed to provide a contrast in quality and production. The herb species, common to each of the MSP treatments, were chicory, plantain, sheep's burnet and yarrow. The dry matter production of the MSP treatments was significantly higher than that of the ryegrass-white clover pasture (P

Nitrogen metabolism in sheep. I. The effect of protein and energy intake on the flow of digesta into the duodenum and on the digestion and absorption of nutrients

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
PE Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen, and sulphur was measured in sheep fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. The sheep were given 1.4, about 16, or 30 g of nitrogen per 24 hr from barley roughage with or without a nitrogen supplement of lucerne, wheat gluten, or casein. A further diet supplied 16.1 g of nitrogen per day but consisted of 83 % low-quality roughage compared with 50% in the other diets. The flow of digesta to the duodenum varied from 4.4 to 6.8 1. per 24 hr with dry matter intakes of 480–800 g per 24 hr. The sheep were fed hourly and watered continuously, and there was a more than 10-fold variation in the flow of digesta to the duodenum over 2-hr collection periods. The digestibility of organic matter was lower for the diet supplying 1.4 g of nitrogen per day than for the other diets. Between 77 and 96 % of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred before the duodenum. In the sheep given 1.4 g of nitrogen per 24 hr, the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 4.8 g per 24 hr, while in the sheep given about 16 g of nitrogen daily the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was 8.4–11.8 g per 24 hr. Only 35 % of the dietary intake of nitrogen reached the duodenum in the sheep given 30 g of nitrogen daily. The sheep given the diet containing 83 % low-quality roughage showed a lower retention of nitrogen than those given the other diets of similar nitrogen content. Between I and 9 % of the flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was in the form of ammonia. The flow of sulphur to the duodenum was between 33 and 55% of the dietary intake, while 72-99% of the apparent digestion of sulphur occurred before the duodenum. The digestibility of dietary sulphate sulphur was greater than that of the sulphur found in lucerne.

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