Uptake by grass and transfer to soil of nitrogen from 15N-labelled legume materials applied to a Rhodes grass pasture

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Second Year

Unground legume materials labelled with 15N were applied to the soil surface under a Rhodes grass pasture in south-eastern Queensland and the recovery of the applied 15N was followed over periods of 1-3 years. Comparisons were made between two legumes, Macroptiliurn atropurpureurn cv. Siratro and Desrnodiurn intorturn cv. Greenleaf, between leaf and stem materials of different nitrogen (N) concentrations (0.5-3.8% N), and between fresh and dried materials. After 1 year, 15N in the applied materials had decreased by 25-91%, and 7-25% was recovered in the Rhodes grass. Except for leaf material of Greenleaf, these changes showed a positive, non-linear relationship to the percentage of N (%N) in the applied materials. The changes for leaves of Greenleaf were less than would be predicted from their %N. Drying Siratro leaves and stems before applying them to the soil surface did not significantly affect the above changes. For N-poor materials (0.5-1.8% N) applied at 380-1360 g dry matter m-2, uptake of 15N by Rhodes grass was greater in the second year than in the first year, whereas for N-rich materials (3.8%N) applied at 140 g dry matter m-2 uptake of 15N in the second and third years was only 23 and 12% respectively of that in the first year.

scholarly journals Influence of increasing doses of nitrogen on feed productivity of perennial grasses

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vasil'evna Ivanova ◽  
Olga Vasil'evna Kurdakova ◽  
Aminat Msostovna Konova ◽  
Anna Yurievna Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
State Register ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

In the course of the experiment, the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of clover of the meadow variety Nadezhny, entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2012, was analyzed. A comparison is also made of this influence with the timothy of the meadow variety Leningradskaya 204. It was established that the pre-sowing introduction of mineral nitrogen for clover and timothy has influenced the productivity of these crops, but the nature of this effect varies depending on the type of grass. The introduction of N20 against the background of P30K90, which provided an increase in control of 51.2% for green mass and 33.6% for air-dry matter, was optimal for meadow clover of the first year of life. For grassland clover second year of life, the best option was N0P30K90, which gave an increase of 56.6% to the control on green mass and 50.6% on air-dry matter. A further increase in the dose of nitrogen on the options caused a decrease in yield increase. Timothy meadow for two years of life was traced responsiveness to the provision of nitrogen. The most productive in all respects was the option N120P30K90.    

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND MIXTURES WITH DIFFERENT SOWING DATES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
V. A. Petruk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Period

The results of field studies for 2017 - 2019 are presented. yields of perennial grasses sown at different times of the growing season. Spring, summer, and winter sowing periods were compared. Alfalfa, clover, rump, and also their mixtures were sown in 2017 under the cover of barley. The value of the cover crop yield of spring and summer sowing periods did not differ significantly and amounted to 4-5 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. Winter barley crops have not formed. On average, over 2 years of use, the highest yields were observed in alfalfa-crust grass mixtures - 3.4 t / ha of absolutely dry matter. The lowest yield was obtained in the single-species seeding of the rump. Correspondingly, in the spring, summer and winter periods of sowing, the yield of rump was 1.6; 1.1 and 1.3 t / ha. With a late sowing period, the yield of perennial grasses is significantly lower compared to spring and summer. With winter sowing periods, the yield was the highest for grass stands of alfalfa and alfalfacrust grass mixture - 2.3 and 2.4 t / ha. It should be noted that in the second year of use, the yield by the sowing dates in single-species crops and grass mixtures is leveled. The winter crops of perennial grasses in the first year of use formed a low yield. Only in the second year (third year of life) the productivity of perennial grasses of winter sowing began to increase. Consequently, in the area under perennial grasses of the winter sowing period, during one growing season (the next year after sowing), the crop was not actually formed. Based on the data obtained, production can be recommended for spring and summer planting of perennial grasses under the cover of barley. The winter sowing period provides economically valuable crop yields only by the third year of life.

The production and persistence of grazed irrigated pasture mixtures in south-eastern Queensland

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jones ◽  
Davies J Griffiths ◽  
RB Waite ◽  
IF Fergus
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Five irrigated pasture mixtures (four containing tropical and temperate species and one containing only temperate species (winter mixture) ) were compared under grazing at three nitrogen levels -nil, 100, and 300 lb N an acre a year as urea-over a four-year period 1960-1963. Pastures were grazed for approximately one week every six weeks with a twelve-week rest period in the winter of 1962 and 1963. Under this management mean annual yields of dry matter increased from 15,700 lb to 25,000 lb an acre over the four-year period. Pasture growth rates varied from over 90 lb DM an acre a day in early summer to 10-40 lb DM an acre a day in winter due to variations in radiation and temperature. Urea increased pasture dry matter yields and also the yields of nitrogen measured in 1961 and 1962. Mean response was 19 lb and 14.5 lb DM/lb N applied at the N100 and N300 rates respectively. Yield of nitrogen was increased by a mean of 79 lb an acre a year by application of urea, but there was no significant difference between rates. Dry matter responses to urea were small in winter and spring and large in summer and autumn. The N300 rate reduced the yield of white clover in the first two years of the pasture, but there was no reduction in the yield of white clover at the N100 rate compared with the N0 treatment. There were no significant differences in yield between the pasture mixtures in the establishment year. In subsequent years mixtures containing summer and winter species outyielded (P<0.001) the winter mixture, particularly in summer and autumn. The pattern of production was similar for all mixtures and there was no significant difference between mixtures in yield of nitrogen. Chloris gayana Kunth CV. Samford and Setaria sphacelata (Schum) Stapf and C. E. Hubbard CV. Nandi. were the most successful summer grasses and Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H.B.K. cv. Priebes, the best winter grass. Three Paspalum species failed to compete with the Setaria and three winter grasses were low yielding after the first year. Trifolium repens L. CV. Ladino was the only successful legume of three winter and three summer legumes sown. It enabled yields of 400 lb N an acre a year to be achieved, increased total soil nitrogen, and made an estimated contribution of 760-810 lb N an acre over the four-year period. It is considered to be the key species for irrigated pastures in south-eastern Queensland.

Effect of sowing time on the establishment and early production of tropical and temperate pasture mixtures under irrigation in south-eastern Queensland

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (111) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
KF Lowe ◽  
TM Bowdler ◽  
JC Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Tropical Grass

The most effective time to sow irrigated perennial pastures containing tropical and temperate species was investigated over three years at Gatton, south-eastern Queensland. Three mixtures were sown each month between September and June and in split sowings where the tropical species were sown in September or March, and the temperate species in May. Autumn sowings produced the most seedlings of sown species 40 d after sowing. Of the autumn months, May was the most suitable, with an establishment of 181 plants/m2 and a weed population of only 19 plants/m2. Tropical grass establishment was less than 8 plants/m2 from all sowing times. A considerable proportion of tropical grass sown in autumn appeared in spring. Split sowings were not as effective as autumn sowings and favoured the tropical species, which were sown first. Dry matter yield of sown species in the establishment year varied from 0.9 t/ha for February sowings to 12.0 t/ha for April sowings; weed yields varied from 5.8 t/ha for September sowings to 0.8 t/ha for May sowings. Tropical grass contribution was greatest from the split sowing in which the tropical species were sown in September. Temperate species yields were highest from May sowings. In the second year yields of temperate species declined substantially, mainly because of poor persistence of ryegrass. Although tropical grass yields increased in all treatments, this increase was not sufficient in the autumn sowings to compensate for the low ryegrass yields.

Studies on the Reproductive Biology of Leafy Spurge (Euphoriba esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Field Plots

Studies on the development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) were conducted in the field and growth room. Sixteen months after planting in field plots, leafy spurge plants arising from underground bud-producing root segments, transplanted seedlings, or seeds averaged 96, 83, and 136 shoots per plant, respectively, when grown free of interference from other vegetation. A number of plants arising from each source flowered the first year, and all plants flowered and produced seed the second year after planting. When grown in a perennial grass sod consisting of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), no plant flowered or produced additional shoots. Soil moisture was less where a dense sod was present. In the growth room, total dry matter of tops and roots was greatest at a soil temperature of 18.3 C or higher, and plant height was greatest at 33.3 C. An early emerging crop might suppress leafy spurge by utilizing the available soil moisture early in the growing season.

scholarly journals Agronomic performance of sugarcane cultivated under quantities of sugarcane straw on the soil surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 3983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves ◽  
Allan Ricardo Domingues ◽  
Cristiane De Conti Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Sugarcane Variety ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Plot Design

Mechanized harvesting is increasingly present in the sugarcane production system. The straw removed during harvest can be converted to ethanol or used to generate electricity by burning, it is important to determine the amount of biomass that may be removed without damage to the crop. We evaluated the agronomic performance of sugarcane, variety RB92579, grown under different quantities of sugarcane straw on the soil surface, in the first and second year of cane crop. We used the experimental randomized block in split plot design, with four replications. In the first year the plots received five quantities of straw (0, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 and 18 Mg ha-1), and six times assessments (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 days after planting) arranged in the subplots. In the second year, the plots received the same quantities of straw and four times assessments (60, 120, 240 and 540 days after the regrowth) in subplots. Biometric indexes, components of production and crop yield were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance analysis and study of polynomial regression (p <0.05). Increasing quantities of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil surface reduces the number and diameter of the stem at the beginning crop establishment, and number of sheets for the first year. The maximum productivity of stems is achieved by maintaining 9,6 Mg ha-1 of straw for first year and 4,7 Mg ha-1 of straw for second year of cane crop.

Soil seed bank and growth rates of an invasive species, Piper aduncum, in the lowlands of Papua New Guinea

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard M. Rogers ◽  
Alfred E. Hartemink
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Piper Aduncum

Secondary fallow vegetation in parts of the Papua New Guinea lowlands is dominated by the shrub Piper aduncum L. that originates from South America. Here we report on its seed bank, growth rate and biomass accumulation. P. aduncum accounted for 69 % (408 m−2) of the seed bank in the forest and 53 % (1559 m−2) of the seed bank under fallow. About 90 % of the tree seed bank at the fallow site was dominated by P. aduncum whereas this was 78 % in the forest soil. Two-year-old P. aduncum had grown to 4.5 m height and had accumulated 48 Mg dry matter (DM) per ha of above ground biomass. The rate of biomass accumulation increased from 10 Mg DM ha−1 y−1 in the first year to 40 Mg DM ha−1 y−1 in the second year when 76 % of the biomass consisted of mainstems. The highest growth rate of 134 kg DM ha−1 d−1 occurred when P. aduncum was 17-mo-old. Aggressive invasion and monospecific stands of P. aduncum are explained by its dominance in the seed bank, fast growth, and high rates of biomass accumulation. P. aduncum is a major competitor to indigenous tree species and presents a threat to Papua New Guinea's rich biodiversity.

scholarly journals Karadeniz Sahil Kuşağında Yağlık Kolza (Brassica napus L.,) Bitkisinin Çiçeklenme Fenolojisi, Çiçek Sayısı, Nektar ve Polen Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Necda Çankaya ◽  
Ulviye Kumova
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Second Year

This research was carried out in 2011 and 2012 in order to determine the flowering phenology, number of flowers, nectar and pollen potential in the Samsun province of the oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), which is widely used in agriculture in our country. In the first year of the study (2011), it was determined that the rapeseed plant was in flower for 44 days, there were 2.694 flowers per plant, 1.89 kg/da nectar per day and 1330 kg/da pollen production. In the second year of the research (2012), it was revealed that the rapeseed plant was in flower for 39 days, there were 701 plants/flower in the plant, 0.38 kg/da nectar secreted daily and 331.57 kg/da pollen. According to the results of two years, the yield of rapeseed was found to be 41.5 days, the daily nectar production was 0.23 mg/flower/day, the nectar dry matter level was 20.25% and the pollen production was 0.48 mg/flower/day. In Samsun province, it was determined that rapeseed plants flowered before the flowering of many plants in the vicinity in the early spring, and provided honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and many other honey bees, nectar and pollen. It has been demonstrated that the cultivation of rapeseed is cultivated in the early spring, and it can be a convenient source of food for honey bees and other dusty insects.

scholarly journals Biological products of the associative group in adaptive technology of cultivation of Scarlet amaranth and Poterium polygama in the conditions of forest steppe of the middle Volga region

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Anna Nikolaevna Kshnikatkina ◽  
Elena Aleksandrovna Zueva ◽  
Inna Aleksandrovna Voronova ◽  
Anna Anatolyevna Belyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
The Third ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Second Year

In the course of studies, it was found that taking inoculation of Scarlet amaranth and Poterium polygama seeds with biologics has a positive effect on the formation of photosynthesis parameters. In amaranth agrocenoses during the panicle sweeping phase, the leaf surface area was significantly higher when seeds were inoculated with biological products than in the control variant for Kizlyarets cultivar by 23.1-36.3% and Valentina cultivar by 23.8-38.0%, the most effective the method was exogenous seed treatment with agric. The maximum parameters of photosynthesis were noted during seed maturation. So, on average for three years of research, the leaf area of the Kizlyarets variety was 64.1 and the Valentine variety 62.3 thousand m2 / ha, the photosynthetic potential, respectively, was 2.05 and 1.98 million m2 days / ha, the net productivity of photosynthesis - 8.56 and 7.66 g / m2 per day. The most intensive increase in the leaf area in the crops of the blackhead was noted in the budding phase, according to the experimental variants, it amounted to 40.8-45.3 thousand m2 / ha in the first year of use, and 41.9-46.8 thousand m2 in the second year of use / ha, in the third year of use - 42.8-47.4 thousand m2 / ha On average, over three years the largest collection of dry matter (6.9 t / ha), feed units (9.1 t / ha), digestible protein (1.45 t / ha) and metabolic energy (81.6 GJ) were obtained from Kizlyarets varieties when inoculating seeds with Agrika biological product. At the same time, the highest seed yield was obtained (1.31 t / ha), which is 2.39 times higher than the control variant and 1.44 times higher than the Valentina variety. Optimization of the plant’s mineral nutrition by seed inoculation with associative bacterial preparations provided for an increase in the productivity of the polygamous monofil. The yield of green mass of the Poterium polygama of the first year of use for an average of three years according to the experimental options was 28.5–31.8 t / ha, collection of dry matter – 7.3–8.2 t / ha, feed units – 4.36–4.87 t / ha, digestible protein - 0.56–0.65 t / ha, exchange energy - 88.7–99.6 GJ. The highest productivity of the blackhead was when treating seeds with Agrika with microelements together with Azotobacter: green mass - 31.8 t / ha, dry matter collection - 8.2 t / ha, feed units - 4.87 t / ha, digestible protein – 0.65 t / ha, exchange energy - 99.6 GJ, which significantly exceeds the performance of the control option. The treatment of seeds with biologics provided an increase in the seed productivity of the polygonidae by 91.7–223.1 kg / ha (10.1–24.6%). The highest seed yield in the first year of use is 1130.1 kg / ha, the second year of use is 1258.9 kg / ha, the third year of use is 1268.3 kg / ha, which significantly exceeds the control indicators by 27.3% and 27.8% was obtained during bacterization of seeds with Agrika, enriched with microelements and together with Azotobacter.

scholarly journals Response of Plasticultured Bell Pepper to Staking, Irrigation Frequency, and Fertigated Nitrogen Rate

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Bowen ◽  
Brenda Frey
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
First Year ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pericarp Thickness ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Effects of staking, drip irrigation frequency and fertigated N rate on dry matter partitioning and yield of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), grown using polyethylene mulch and mini-tunnels, were determined in two years. In the second year, which had higher early-season temperatures and more hours of direct sunlight, plants were larger, more productive and had larger fruit with thicker pericarps and a higher water content than in the first year. In both years, staked plants fertigated with 31.5 vs. 63 kg·ha-1 N produced higher yields due to increased fruit size and pericarp thickness. Compared with the response to monthly irrigation plus rainfall, additional irrigation applied when the soil moisture tension averaged below -25 and -20 kPa in the two years, respectively, affected yield only in the second year when it increased yield and the number of fruits produced by staked plants and decreased that of non-staked plants. Patterns of vegetative development and dry matter partitioning indicate that resources were remobilized from leaves to support fruit development.

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