The effects of soil management and fungicides on the development of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) of strawberries

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

The incidence of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Fr.) in Red Gauntlet strawberries growing under a clean cultivation system of soil management was reduced by the use of fungicides captan 0.1 per cent and dichloran 0.2 per cent. Dichloran was phytotoxic, and when applied as a soil drench, reduced yields. With straw mulch and black polyethylene mulch systems of management, there was no reduction in incidence of grey mould through the use of fungicides, but the level of grey mould was lower than with the clean cultivation system. The lower incidence of grey mould under the mulch systems is attributed to the absence of direct contact of the fruit with soil vegetation debris invaded with Botrytis. Polyethylene mulch resulted in earlier cropping than the other management systems. Total yields were the same with polyethylene mulch and clean cultivation, and were lower with straw mulch.

scholarly journals Investigation of Botrytis Cinerea Risk Forecasting Model of Strawberry in Lithuania

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė ◽  
Elena Survilienė-Radzevičė ◽  
Skaidrė Supronienė
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Risk Forecasting ◽  
Risk Probability

Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. is one of the most important strawberry diseases in Lithuania, like in other countries, where strawberries are grown. The efficiency of different disease management systems were analyzed at the Institute of Horticulture in 2010-2011. The B. cinerea risk probability at various regions of Lithuania was analyzed according to iMETOS ®sm grey mould risk forecasting model. Strawberry grey mould risk forecasting model indicates the risk of infection periods on the basis of the interaction between air temperature and leaf wetness duration. The model calculates how favourable is the period for the risk of infection. In periods where the risk is consistent (more than three days), higher than 60 points, a spray against grey mould should be applied. iMETOS®sm grey mould risk forecasting model gives the opportunity to optimize the usage of fungicides and reduce the number of applications and allows more efficient, ecologically and economically accepted control of strawberries grey mould.

Effect of soil management, pH, and fertilizers on Packham's Triumph and Josephine de Malines pears

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
A Selimi ◽  
JC Keatley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Potassium Sulphate ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Bare Surface ◽  
Tree Vigour ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Similar Yield

The effects of soil management, liming (soil pH), and fertilizers on Packham's Triumph and Josephine de Malines pears under irrigation conditions were studied. The management systems were cultivation, straw mulch, bare surface, and white clover sward. The fertilizers were phosphorus and nitrogen (on straw mulch only), potash and nitrogen (on bare surface only), nitrogen on clover sward only, and calcium as agricultural lime and nitrogen (on cultivation only). Treatment effects were expressed as yield or vigour differences between pre-trial and post-trial periods. Packham's gave similar yield of fruit whether on cultivation or straw mulch. The yield from clover sward and bare surface was much lower than from straw mulch trees. Tree vigour was best under straw mulch and similar within the other treatments. For Josephine, all treatments yielded equally, but tree vigour was best under straw mulch plots. Packham's under bare surface and receiving the highest dressing of potassium sulphate yielded better than the unfertilized trees. Josephine under straw mulch and receiving the highest dressing of superphosphate yielded better than unfertilized trees. Under clover sward, Packham's receiving no artificial nitrogen had lower yield than those receiving standard dressing of nitrogen (0.7 metric tons per hectare of ammonium sulphate). Under these conditions, there were no differences in the yield of Josephines, whether they had artificial nitrogen or not. Packham's under cultivation had similar yield at pH 5.0, 6.5, or 7.5. Josephines, however, yielded much better at pH 6.5 and 7.5 than at pH 5.0.

scholarly journals Effect of early contamination by Botrytis cinerea on the development of Grey mould on Muscat d’Italie in Tunisian vineyard

OENO One ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Samir Chebil ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Abdelwahed Ghorbel ◽  
Bernadette Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Very High

<p style="text-align: justify;">Grey rot, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, is nowadays the most damaging disease of the Tunisian vineyard. The fungus attacks berries at the maturation stage and causes important economic losses. The protection of vineyard against this disease is very difficult due to the fungus characteristics. In fact <em>B. cinerea</em> is in the border of parasitism and saprophytism, in pre-veraison it usually survive as saprophyte then it attacks berries before their maturation. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of pre-veraison’s contamination by <em>B. cinerea</em> on the development of the Grey rot on the berries after veraison.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results revealed that at the pre-veraison stage, <em>B. cinerea</em> grows as a saprophyte. The fungus’s rate presence is low on the barks (less than 10 %), very high on the floral buds (between 5 and 27 %) and relatively high in the immature berries (about 20 %). The quantification of bunches pollution, showed that the rate of contaminations by <em>B. cinerea</em> is very high (more than 70 %).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other hand, the mapping out showed up that outbreak of the disease happened after veraison on Muscat d’Italie. Also, the rate of berries’ rot, were different each year, in relation to the climatic conditions and plant’s physiology. We found that the rate of rot inside bunches is relatively high (between 15 and 40 %) due to condia on stem or <em>B. cinerea</em> latent. The statistical analysis showed significant relationships between the rate of latent <em>B. cinerea</em> and the appearance of the disease after the veraison stage. Also, the scoring of conidia observed in the air showed a big activity of the fungus during flowering and the maturation of berries.</p>

scholarly journals Earthworm Abundance Changes Depending on Soil Management Practices in Slovenian Vineyards

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Stanko Vršič ◽  
Marko Breznik ◽  
Borut Pulko ◽  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
The Impact

Earthworms are key indicators of soil quality and health in vineyards, but research that considers different soil management systems, especially in Slovenian viticultural areas is scarce. In this investigation, the impact of different soil management practices such as permanent green cover, the use of herbicides in row and inter-row areas, use of straw mulch, and shallow soil tillage compared to meadow control for earthworm abundance, were assessed. The biomass and abundance of earthworms (m2) and distribution in various soil layers were quantified for three years. Monitoring and a survey covering 22 May 2014 to 5 October 2016 in seven different sampling dates, along with a soil profile at the depth from 0 to 60 cm, were carried out. Our results showed that the lowest mean abundance and biomass of earthworms in all sampling periods were registered along the herbicide strip (within the rows). The highest abundance was found in the straw mulch and permanent green cover treatments (higher than in the control). On the plots where the herbicide was applied to the complete inter-row area, the abundance of the earthworm community decreased from the beginning to the end of the monitoring period. In contrast, shallow tillage showed a similar trend of declining earthworm abundance, which could indicate a deterioration of soil biodiversity conditions. We concluded that different soil management practices greatly affect the soil’s environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), especially in the upper soil layer (up to 15 cm deep), which affects the abundance of the earthworm community. Our results demonstrated that these practices need to be adapted to the climate and weather conditions, and also to human impacts.

Corn rhizosphere microbial community in different long term soil management systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 104339
Author(s):  
Eliane Cristina Gruszka Vendruscolo ◽  
Dany Mesa ◽  
Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbial Community

scholarly journals Nutrient losses by water erosion

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Eloy Lemos Mello ◽  
Jean Cláudio Guadagnin ◽  
Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli ◽  
Marcos Roberto Carrafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.

Interaction Between Low Temperatures Spacers and Source Drain Extensions and Pockets for Both NMOS and PMOS of the 65 nm Node Technology

2006 ◽  
Vol 912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Cagnat ◽  
Cyrille Laviron ◽  
Daniel Mathiot ◽  
Pierre Morin ◽  
Frédéric Salvetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Fabrication Process ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mos Transistors ◽  
Phosphorus Source ◽  
Activation Annealing

AbstractDuring the MOS transistors fabrication process, the source-drain extension areas are directly in contact with the oxide liner of the spacers stack. In previous works [1, 2, 3] it has been established that boron can diffuse from the source-drain extensions into the spacer oxide liner during the subsequent annealing steps, and that the amount of boron loss depends on the hydrogen content in the oxide, because it enhances B diffusivity in SiO2.In order to characterize and quantify the above phenomena, we performed test experiments on full sheet samples, which mimic either BF2 source-drain extensions over arsenic pockets implants, or BF2 pockets under arsenic or phosphorus source-drain extensions implants. Following the corresponding implants, the wafers were covered with different spacer stacks (oxide + nitride) deposited either by LPCVD, or PECVD. After appropriate activation annealing steps, SIMS measurements were used to characterize the profiles of the various dopants, and the corresponding dose loss was evaluated for each species.Our experimental results clearly evidence that LPCVD or PECVD spacer stacks have no influence on the arsenic profiles. On the other hand, phosphorus and boron profiles are affected. For boron profiles, each spacer type has a different influence. It is also shown that boron out-diffuses not only from the B doped source-drain extension in direct contact with the oxide layer, but also from the "buried" B pockets lying under n-doped source drain extension areas. All these results are discussed in term of the possible relevant mechanism.

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