Seed-to-seedling transmission of Botrytis cinerea in chickpea and disinfestation of seed with moist heat

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Burgess ◽  
T. Bretag ◽  
P. J. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Stem Lesions

Summary. Chickpea crops in south-eastern Australia are affected in some seasons by poor emergence and seedling soft rot. Botrytis cinerea was isolated on a semi-selective agar medium from diseased seedlings and from samples of seed submitted by growers. The frequency of isolation from seed harvested in 1993–94 ranged from 0 to 95%. Higher isolation rates were associated with reductions in seedling establishment in 1994 estimated at 30–75%. Surface sterilisation studies showed that infection was largely external on the seed. In growth cabinet experiments at 8–18°C, seedlings grown from infected seed or from seed inoculated with B. cinerea developed soft rot, and sporulation of the pathogen on the basal stem lesions was observed. Treatment of moist seed at 50°C for 5 min or storage of seed at 20°C for 12 months reduced the frequency of isolation of B. cinerea to 0 and 2%, respectively, with no adverse effect on germination. Heat treatment of freshly harvested seed reduced the isolation frequency from 98 to 18%. The applicability of heat treatment for seed disinfestation by chickpea growers is discussed.

scholarly journals Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol 4: An Improved Selective Agar Medium for the Isolation of Salmonella

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2429-2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL G. MILLER ◽  
C.R. TATE ◽  
E.T. MALLINSON ◽  
J.A. SCHERRER
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Selective Agar

Assessment of different selective agar media for enumeration and isolation ofListeriafrom dairy products

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Dominguez ◽  
José Francisco Fernández ◽  
Victor Briones ◽  
José Luis Blanco ◽  
Guillermo Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Direct Plating ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Natural Microflora ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDifferent selective agar media were compared for the recovery and isolation of five species ofListeriafrom raw milk and cheese. The selective media examined were Beerens medium, MacBride medium and that described by Dominguezet al.(1984) with 6 mg/1 acriflavine, listeria selective agar medium (LSAM), and LSAM with 12 mg/1 acriflavine (LSAM × 2A); a non-selective yeast glucose Lemco agar was included for comparison. When the difference between listeria and the natural microflora of raw milk and cheese was 102cfu/ml, listeria could be isolated by direct plating on all media tested. When it was lower than 103–104cfu/ml, listeria were isolated by direct plating only on LSAM and LSAM × 2A. When the difference was greater than 104cfu/ml, a previous enrichment was necessary to isolate them. LSAM and LSAM × 2A media performed better than the other media tested for isolating listeria by direct plating and improved their isolation from dairy products. This superior performance was evaluated by the ability of these media to support colony formation of different species ofListeriatested, the easy recognition of these colonies from those formed by other microorganisms and by their capacity to inhibit the natural microflora of these foods.

scholarly journals First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold Disease on Peach from Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
Raees Ahmed ◽  
Amjad S. Gondal ◽  
Muhammad Tariq Khan ◽  
Shazia Shahzaman ◽  
Sajjad Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
First Report ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Conducive Environment ◽  
Hyphal Tip ◽  
Important Disease

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease that attacks fruits, leaves and twigs of peach. Peach is grown on an area of 18,008 ha with an average production of 72,085 tons per year in Pakistan (FAO, 2017). During May 2017, brown spots on 33% of the peach fruits examined were observed in Swat district of KPK province of Pakistan. Infected fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber resulted in greyish mycelial growth with light brown lesions. Hyphal growths on infected fruits were cultured on PDA media and purified by hyphal tip method. Morphologically whitish grey growth was observed on PDA and later on dark sclerotia were observed after 6-7 days of incubation. Hyphae were found septate with branched hyaline conidiophores having a bunch of ovoid conidia at their tips. Further confirmations were done by amplifying internal transcribed spacer regions (Andrew et al., 2009) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) region of the isolates (Li et al., 2012). Amplicons sequenced from Macrogen Korea were blasted and submitted in NCBI showed that ITS sequences (Accessions MH049690 and MH049691) were 99% identical with already reported (MG878388 and MG654661) sequences and the G3PDH gene sequences (Accessions MH560352 and MH560353) were 99 % identical with already reported (Accessions MG204876) sequences of B. cinerea. Pathogenicity was confirmed on healthy peach fruits disinfected with 50% ethanol, inoculated by placing a plug of about 1cm2 taken from the edge of actively growing B. cinerea isolate (BTS-16). Fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber (Abata et al., 2016). A set of healthy fruits mock-inoculated with a plug of agar medium were used as control. Three days after inoculation, inoculated fruits showed sunken lesions with cottony greyish mycelial growth on their surface. Fungus isolated from these infections was re-confirmed as B. cinerea. Conducive environment for the disease progression in nearby areas can result into a huge loss in peach produce so there is a need to devise management strategies to cope with the pathogen. This is the first report of gray mold disease of peach caused by B. cinerea from Pakistan. 

scholarly journals Fungicide resistance characterised across seven chemical classes in a Botrytis cinerea population isolated from Australian vineyards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln A. Harper ◽  
Scott Paton ◽  
Barbara Hall ◽  
Suzanne McKay ◽  
Richard P. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractGray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an economically important disease of grapes in Australia and across grape growing regions worldwide. Control of this disease relies heavily on canopy management and the application of single site fungicides. Fungicide application can lead to the selection of fungicide resistant B. cinerea populations, which has an adverse effect on the chemical control of the disease. Characterising the distribution and severity of resistant B. cinerea populations is needed to inform resistance management strategies. In this study, 725 isolates were sampled from 75 Australian vineyards during 2013 – 2016 and were screened against seven fungicides with different MOAs. The resistance frequencies for azoxystrobin, boscalid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil, iprodione, pyrimethanil and tebuconazole were 5, 2.8, 2.1, 6.2, 11.6, 7.7 and 2.9% respectively. Nearly half of the resistant isolates (43.7%) were resistant to more than one of the fungicides tested. The frequency of vineyards with at least one isolate simultaneously resistant to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 fungicides was 19.5, 7.8, 6.5, 10.4 and 2.6%.Resistance was associated with previously published genotypes in CytB (G143A), SdhB (H272R/Y), Erg27 (F412S), Mrr1 (D354Y), Os1 (I365S, N373S + Q369P, I365S + D757N) and Pos5 (P319A, L412F). Expression analysis was used to characterise fludioxonil resistant isolates exhibiting overexpression (6.3 - 9.6-fold) of the ABC transporter encoded by AtrB (MDR1 phenotype). Novel genotypes were also described in Mrr1 (S611N, D616G) and Cyp51 (P357S). Resistance frequencies were lower when compared to most previously published surveys of both grape and non-grape B. cinerea resistance. Nonetheless, continued monitoring of critical chemical groups used in Australian vineyards is recommended.

scholarly journals Micromycetes on Pisum sativum var. arvense

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Joanna Marcinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Stemphylium Botryosum ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Fusarium Poae ◽  
The Common

Seeds of 11 Austrian winter pea genotypes, harvested at Radzików (CEP) in 1993 and 1994, were evaluated for fungi occurrence on Coon's agar medium in Petri plates. Number of species isolated depended on the genotype and year of collection. <i>Alternaria alternata, Stemphylium botryosum</i> were found on all the tested samples and <i>Phoma pinodella</i> and <i>Fusarium poae</i> were also common while <i>Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Mycosphaerella pinodes</i> appeared to be common only in 1993. Three species occurred only once. The mycoflora was richer in 1993. The common seed inhabitants usually transmitted higher percentage of fungi than species occuring more seldom.

Accelerated cheese ripening: a method for increasing the number of lactic starter bacteria in cheese without detrimental effect to the cheese-making process, and its effect on the cheese ripening

1975 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-E. Pettersson ◽  
G. Sjöström
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Cheese Curd ◽  
Number Of Cells

SummaryA method is outlined for accelerating ripening in Swedish semihard cheese by increasing the number of lactic starter bacteria present in the cheese without impairing characteristic texture and flavour. In addition to the normal starter inoculum, suitable lactic starter bacteria whose lactic-acid-producing activity had been greatly reduced by previous sublethal heat treatment, were added to the cheesemilk. When suspensions of streptococci and lactobacilli cultivated at a constant pH were heated at 59 and 69°C respectively acid production was retarded by 5–10 h, which was found to be sufficient for the cheese-making. Proteolysis was lowered only 10–30% by these heating temperatures. Bacterial cell suspensions, prepared by the methods outlined and added to the cheesemilk, were incorporated in cheese curd to extents depending on the amount added and the type of starter. The number in the final cheese could be increased to a maximum of 4–5 times that of control cheese. No adverse effect of the extra starter bacteria on pH, fat content and water content of cheeses 24-h old was observed. Proteolysis, measured as the increase in trichloroacetic acid and phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-soluble N, increased with increasing number of cells in the cheese. Organoleptic judgements showed a positive correlation (r= 0·81) between taste and PTA-soluble N, which in turn was influenced by the number of cells in the final cheeses.

scholarly journals How to Deal with Uninvited Guests in Wine: Copper and Copper-containing Oxidases

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Harald Claus
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Enzyme Inactivation ◽  
Off Flavors ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Harmful Effects

Copper is one of the most frequently occurring heavy metals in must and wine. It is introduced by pesticides, brass fittings, and as copper sulphate for treatment of reductive off-flavors. At higher concentrations, copper has harmful effects on the wine. It contributes to the oxidation of wine ingredients, browning reactions, cloudiness, inhibition of microorganisms, and wine fermentation. Last but not least, there is also a danger to the consumer. At present, some physicochemical methods exist to reduce the copper content in must and wine, but they all have their shortcomings. A possible solution is the biosorption of metals by yeasts or lactobacilli. Copper can also reach must and wine in the form of copper-containing phenol oxidases (grape tyrosinase, Botrytis cinerea laccases). Similar to free copper, they oxidize phenolic wine compounds, and thus lead to considerable changes in color and nutritional value, making the product ultimately unsaleable. All measurements for enzyme inactivation such as heat treatment, and addition of sulphites or bentonite are either problematic or not effective enough. The application of oenological tannins could offer a way out but needs further research.

Effect of Heat Treatment Uniformity on the Control of Botrytis cinerea on Harvested Tomato

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lu ◽  
V. Toussaint ◽  
M. T. Charles ◽  
C. Vigneault ◽  
G. S. V. Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea

First Report of Pythium dissotocum Affecting Cilantro in Hydroponic Systems in Puerto Rico

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Romero ◽  
C. Estévez de Jensen ◽  
A. J. Palmateer
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Hydroponic Systems ◽  
Pythium Dissotocum ◽  
Stem Lesions

Pythium dissotocum was detected on cilantro in hydroponic systems in Puerto Rico. Isolates from stem lesions were inoculated in cilantro ‘Lonestar’ and in pea ‘Sugar Baby,’ producing soft rot 21 and 15 days after inoculation, respectively. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased plants and it was confirmed to be Pythium dissotocum by PCR. Accepted for publication 5 December 2012. Published 14 December 2012.

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