Survival of the rumen bacterium Synergistes jonesii in a herd of Droughtmaster cattle in north Queensland

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Jones ◽  
D. B. Coates ◽  
B. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Leucaena Toxicity

Droughtmaster steers from the CSIRO Research Station at Lansdown, 50 km south of Townsville, Queensland, were assessed at slaughter for indications of leucaena toxicity and the presence of the 3,4 dihydroxypyridine (DHP)-degrading bacterium Synergistes jonesii. This bacterium had been introduced to the herd 25 years earlier. Absence of clinical signs of ulceration of the oesophagus, absence of DHP in the urine, the presence of normal thyroid glands and the ability of rumen fluid to degrade high levels of mimosine from leucaena shoot tips in vitro all confirmed that these steers had an active bacterial culture capable of degrading mimosine and its degradation products 3,4 and 2,3 DHP. Steers had been away from the Research Station and away from leucaena pastures for long periods but had clearly not lost the bacteria or if they had, they had regained them on return to leucaena pastures on Lansdown. It is postulated that the bacteria may spread via the faeces in cattle yards and remain in the rumen for long periods, even at low levels, in the absence of leucaena in the diet. Reasons other than the effectiveness of the bacterium should be explored to explain the failure of cattle in some Queensland herds to fully degrade 3,4 and 2,3 DHP.

Comparative toxicity responses of goats fed on Leucaena leucocephala in Australia and Hawaii

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jones ◽  
RG Megarrity
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Oesophageal Mucosa ◽  
Thyroid Glands

To examine the apparent absence of toxicity in ruminants fed on Leucaena leucocephala in Hawaii, U.S.A., goats were offered comparable diets of Leucaena and lucerne chaff (control) in both Australia and Hawaii over a 7-week period. Intake of mimosine, excretion of the ruminal metabolite 3-hydroxy- 4(1H)-pyridone (DHP), and serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) were measured in both studies. Mean mimosine intakes on the highest Leucaena diets in Australia and Hawaii were similar at about 20 g day-1. In Australia, goats on the all-Leucaena diets became hypothyroid after only 3 weeks of feeding, thyroid glands were enlarged and erosion of the oesophageal mucosa and reticulo-rumen occurred. Excretion of DHP in the urine was related to the daily mirnosine intakes, with recoveries of about 86%. In marked contrast, goats fed on Leucaena in Hawaii exhibited no clinical signs of toxicity and excreted less than 1% of the mirnosine intake as DHP in the urine. No degradation of DHP occurred in vitro with rumen fluid from Australian goats, whereas 71% of the added DHP was degraded after 5 h with rumen fluid from goats in Hawaii. The results support the hypothesis that the differences observed are attributable to a different microbial metabolism of mimosine and DHP in ruminants in Hawaii.

scholarly journals A Proteomic Analysis of Fibre Degradation and Assimilation by Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jonathan Craig Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Environmental Sensors ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Total Energy Content ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Protein Components

<p>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T is a Gram-positive, lignocellulose degrading bacterium that is prevalent in the rumen of animals grazing pasture, and is one of only a few rumen microbes known to degrade and utilise xylan in vitro. Xylan is a hemicellulose that comprises up to 45% of the polysaccharide component of ruminant forages. Often as little as 30% of the total energy content of forages is utilised by the ruminant due to poor hemicellulose degradation by the fibrolytic rumen microbes. An opportunity exists to improve forage degradation in the rumen, which is predicted to improve the productivity of forage fed ruminants. A clearer understanding of the strategies employed by fibrolytic rumen microbes to degrade and utilise lignocellulose is important in realising this goal. Almost 10% of the B. proteoclasticus genome encodes proteins involved in polysaccharide metabolism and transport, which includes 134 fibrolytic enzymes that are active upon plant fibre. Many of these are clustered into one of 36 polysaccharide utilisation loci that also contain transmembrane transporters, transcriptional regulators, environmental sensors and genes involved in further polysaccharide metabolism. Gel-based and gel-free proteomic analyses of the cytosolic, cell-associated, and secreted fractions of cells grown on xylan were used to identify proteins involved in the degradation, assimilation, and metabolism of hemicellulose. A set of 416 non-redundant proteins were identified, which included 12 extracellular and 24 cytosolic polysaccharidases, and 59 proteins involved in the uptake and further metabolism of polysaccharide degradation products, many of which were substrate-binding protein components of ATP-driven transporter systems. In cells grown on xylan, several of these proteins displayed significant protein abundance changes relative to cells grown on the monomeric sugar xylose, in a pattern that reflected the growth substrates used. A model of xylan degradation by B. proteoclasticus based on these results hypothesises that B. proteoclasticus attacks the xylan backbone and main substituent groups of hemicellulose in the extracellular space, assimilates the xylooligosaccharides and performs the final stages of degradation within the cell. These results provide insight into a xylan degrading enzyme system that has evolved to efficiently degrade and utilise hemicellulose, extend our understanding of the enzymes that are likely to play important roles in hemicellulose degradation, and support the notion that Butyrivibrio species are important contributors to rumen fibre degradation.</p>

scholarly journals A Proteomic Analysis of Fibre Degradation and Assimilation by Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jonathan Craig Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Environmental Sensors ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Total Energy Content ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Protein Components

<p>Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T is a Gram-positive, lignocellulose degrading bacterium that is prevalent in the rumen of animals grazing pasture, and is one of only a few rumen microbes known to degrade and utilise xylan in vitro. Xylan is a hemicellulose that comprises up to 45% of the polysaccharide component of ruminant forages. Often as little as 30% of the total energy content of forages is utilised by the ruminant due to poor hemicellulose degradation by the fibrolytic rumen microbes. An opportunity exists to improve forage degradation in the rumen, which is predicted to improve the productivity of forage fed ruminants. A clearer understanding of the strategies employed by fibrolytic rumen microbes to degrade and utilise lignocellulose is important in realising this goal. Almost 10% of the B. proteoclasticus genome encodes proteins involved in polysaccharide metabolism and transport, which includes 134 fibrolytic enzymes that are active upon plant fibre. Many of these are clustered into one of 36 polysaccharide utilisation loci that also contain transmembrane transporters, transcriptional regulators, environmental sensors and genes involved in further polysaccharide metabolism. Gel-based and gel-free proteomic analyses of the cytosolic, cell-associated, and secreted fractions of cells grown on xylan were used to identify proteins involved in the degradation, assimilation, and metabolism of hemicellulose. A set of 416 non-redundant proteins were identified, which included 12 extracellular and 24 cytosolic polysaccharidases, and 59 proteins involved in the uptake and further metabolism of polysaccharide degradation products, many of which were substrate-binding protein components of ATP-driven transporter systems. In cells grown on xylan, several of these proteins displayed significant protein abundance changes relative to cells grown on the monomeric sugar xylose, in a pattern that reflected the growth substrates used. A model of xylan degradation by B. proteoclasticus based on these results hypothesises that B. proteoclasticus attacks the xylan backbone and main substituent groups of hemicellulose in the extracellular space, assimilates the xylooligosaccharides and performs the final stages of degradation within the cell. These results provide insight into a xylan degrading enzyme system that has evolved to efficiently degrade and utilise hemicellulose, extend our understanding of the enzymes that are likely to play important roles in hemicellulose degradation, and support the notion that Butyrivibrio species are important contributors to rumen fibre degradation.</p>

scholarly journals Multi-Omics Study of The Salivary Modulation of The Rumen Microbiome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Palma-Hidalgo ◽  
Alejandro Belanche ◽  
Elisabeth Jiménez ◽  
A. Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
Charles J. Newbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Ruminants are able to produce large quantities of saliva which enter into the rumen. Although previous research has indicated that salivary immunoglobulins can partially modulate the rumen microbial activity, the role of the salivary components other than ions on the rumen microbial ecosystem has not been thoroughly investigated in ruminants. A total of 16 semi-continuous in vitro cultures were used to incubate rumen fluid from 4 donor goats inoculated with autoclaved saliva (AUT) as negative control, saliva from the same rumen fluid donor (OWN) as positive control, and either GOAT or SHEEP saliva as experimental interventions. Fermentation was monitored throughout the 7 days of incubation and the prokaryotic communities and metabolome were analysed at day 7 of incubation. Characterization of the salivas used prior to incubation showed a high degree of individual variability in terms of the salivary metabolites and proteins, including immunoglobulins. The prokaryotic community composition in AUT incubators was the most divergent across treatments, suggesting a modulatory effect of active salivary components, which were not affected in the other treatments (OWN, GOAT and SHEEP). The differences across treatments in microbial diversity were mostly caused by a greater abundance of Proteobacteria and Rikenellacea and lower of Prevotellaceae, a key rumen bacterium with greater abundance in GOAT and SHEEP treatments. These results suggest that specific salivary components contribute to host-associated role in selecting the rumen commensal microbiota and its activity.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Christiane Gruber-Dorninger ◽  
Johannes Faas ◽  
Barbara Doupovec ◽  
Markus Aleschko ◽  
Christian Stoiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Estrogenic Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Holstein Friesian

The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in rumen fluid in vitro. Here, we investigate the metabolism of ZEN in the reticulorumen of dairy cows. To this end, rumen-fistulated non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (n = 4) received a one-time oral dose of ZEN (5 mg ZEN in 500 g concentrate feed) and the concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were measured in free rumen liquid from three reticulorumen locations (reticulum, ventral sac and dorsal mat layer) during a 34-h period. In all three locations, α-ZEL was the predominant ZEN metabolite and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) was detected in lower concentrations. ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were eliminated from the ventral sac and reticulum within 34 h, yet low concentrations of ZEN and α-ZEL were still detected in the dorsal mat 34 h after ZEN administration. In a second step, we investigated the efficacy of the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZENzyme®, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) to degrade ZEN to the non-estrogenic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) in the reticulorumen in vitro and in vivo. ZenA showed a high ZEN-degrading activity in rumen fluid in vitro. When ZenA was added to ZEN-contaminated concentrate fed to rumen-fistulated cows (n = 4), concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were significantly reduced in all three reticulorumen compartments compared to administration of ZEN-contaminated concentrate without ZenA. Upon ZenA administration, degradation products HZEN and decarboxylated HZEN were detected in the reticulorumen. In conclusion, endogenous metabolization of ZEN in the reticulorumen increases its estrogenic potency due to the formation of α-ZEL. Our results suggest that application of zearalenone hydrolase ZenA as a feed additive may be a promising strategy to counteract estrogenic effects of ZEN in cattle.

Inoculation with adapted microbes versus addition of polyethylene glycol as methods to alleviate toxicity of Acacia angustissima leaves in sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. SAARISALO ◽  
A. A. ODENYO ◽  
P. O. OSUJI
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Acacia Angustissima

Methods to alleviate the toxicity of Acacia angustissima (acc. no 15132) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo at ILRI Debre Zeit Research station in Ethiopia in 1997–1998. In an in vitro evaluation, A. angustissima leaves were incubated for 120 h with rumen fluid from Borana steers consuming native hay and cotton seed cake or from free ranging goat and sheep. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG, molecular weight (MW) 4000) increased gas production (4·9 v. 13·9 ml/100 mg dry matter (DM)), ammonia concentration (5·2 v. 9·7 mmol/l) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (380 v. 540 g/kg DM). In an in vivo experiment, Ethiopian highland sheep fed native hay and A. angustissima as a supplement (200 g/d) were inoculated with mixed rumen content from sheep gradually adapted on A. angustissima or were given PEG (MW 4000, 100 g/kg supplement) as methods to alleviate toxicity induced by A. angustissima. Sesbania sesban (acc. no 10865) with and without PEG were fed as a control. Effects on intake, apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance were studied in a 5×5 Latin square experiment. DM intake was increased by all the supplements (P<0·001) even though hay intake was slightly reduced compared to hay only (P<0·05). PEG increased intake of A. angustissima compared to inoculation. There were no significant differences in apparent DM or OM digestibility. Apparent nitrogen digestibility tended to be higher with S. sesban than with A. angustissima (P<0·10) and addition of PEG increased it with A. angustissima (P<0·05). Supplements increased ammonia and VFA concentrations and molar proportion of propionate (P<0·05). Supplements tended to increase microbial nitrogen supply (P<0·10) but there were no significant differences in efficiency of microbial synthesis. Supplements increased nitrogen retention (P<0·01) but due to short periods there were no significant differences in the live weights of sheep. All the animals remained healthy during the experiment suggesting that both methods used alleviated the toxicity of A. angustissima. Addition of PEG was more effective than inoculation in increasing intake and nutritive value of A. angustissima.

CHANGES IN THE COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM DURING PREGNANCY

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Woodhams ◽  
G Candotti ◽  
P B A Kernoff
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Fibrinopeptide A ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
D Dimer ◽  
Control Samples

Blood samples were collected from 17 volunteers between 8-14, 26-28 and 32-34 weeks of pregnancy. Control samples were collected from 12 non-pregnant female volunteers not using oral contraceptives. All samples were assayed for fibrinopeptide A (FPA), B beta 15-42 and for cross linked D-dimer fragments. A sample was collected for measurement of the in vitro rate of generation of fibrinopeptide A from whole blood (FPA-R).These results are consistent with an increased activation of coagulation (increased FPA and shortened FPA-R) during normal pregnancy, which is compensated for by a concomitant rise in fibrinolytic activity (increased D-dimer and B beta 15-42). In 2 patients who miscarried and 2 patients who developed hypertension during pregnancy changes indicative of a non compensated hypercoagulable state could be seen. The study shows that the progress of pregnancy is associated with increased activation of coagulation and a concomitant rise in fibrin(ogen) degradation products. This data shows that a combination of these tests may be capable of detecting changes in the haemostatic balance that occur before the onset of clinical signs of gynaecological problems.

scholarly journals Degradation of nucleic acids in the rumen

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAlian ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pyrimidine Bases ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Rna And Dna

1. Nucleic acids introduced into the rumens of calves, or incubated with calf, sheep or cow rumen contents in vitro, were rapidly destroyed.2. The degradation products formed were separated and identified by means of column chromatography on Sephadex G-10 Dextran gel and thin-layer chromatography on cellulose.3. In vitro, RNA was rapidly (within 1 h) converted into ultrafilterable oligo-and mono-nucleotides, nucleosides, purine and pyrimidine bases. After 4 h, only the bases xanthine, hypoxanthine and uracil remained, having increased at the expense of the other constituents.4. DNA gave similar products but with a much greater proportion of ultrafilterable oligoand mono-nucleotide material which remained as a major component even after 4 h. The only bases present in appreciable amounts were thymine, hypoxanthine, uracil and xanthine.5. The same products accumulated temporarily in vivo, after addition of RNA or DNA to the rumens of calves, and were found also, in small amounts, in corresponding samples of duodenal digesta. The products disappeared from the rumen at a greater rate than could be accounted for by transfer to the duodenum.6. Cell-free preparations from calf rumen fluid contained enzymes which converted RNA and DNA into products which appeared to be ultrafilterable oligonucleotides.7. When ground hay was incubated with whole rumen contents the nucleic acids in the hay were degraded to a mixture of nucleotides, nucleosides and bases, almost as readily as were pure nucleic acids.

Streptococcus caprinus is ineffective as a rumen inoculum to improve digestion of mulga (Acacia aneura) by sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Miller ◽  
JD Brooker ◽  
A Phillips ◽  
LL Blackall
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Rumen Bacterium ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acacia Aneura ◽  
Micro Organisms

This study examined the distribution of Streptococcus caprinus in domestic and feral ruminants, and the effect of rumen inoculation with S. caprinus on nitrogen digestion in mulga-fed sheep. S. caprinus is a tannin-resistant rumen bacterium found in feral goats and may play a role in alleviating the nutritive depressing effects of high concentrations of plant tannins in these animals. S. caprinus was present in samples of rumen fluid from feral goats and feral camels but was not detectable in rumen fluid from sheep and domestic goats that had not previously grazed forages containing condensed tannins. A proportion of sheep, domestic goats, and cattle grazing in mulga paddocks, with either feral goats or camels, had detectable populations of S. caprinus. Pure cultures of S. caprinus grown in vitro were successfully placed in the rumen of sheep; however, nitrogen digestion was unaffected by rumen inoculation. Interactions between several populations of micro-organisms may therefore be involved in achieving improvements in protein digestion.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of inoculation with rumen fluid containing Synergistes jonesii to control DHP toxicity in ruminants in eastern Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257
Author(s):  
Michael J. Halliday ◽  
Charles Pakereng ◽  
Resti G. Edison ◽  
Putri Ara ◽  
Philips R. Dida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Period Measurement ◽  
Leucaena Toxicity

The feasibility and efficacy of inoculating with rumen fluid as a method to control hydroxypyridone (DHP) toxicity in ruminants on high leucaena diets in eastern Indonesia were investigated. Rumen fluid collected from 2 buffalo identified as ‘protected’, due to low levels of DHP excretion in urine, was orally administered to animals identified as ‘unprotected’ and concentrations of urinary DHP monitored. Control animals were dosed with water only. Treatments were randomly allocated to 10 recipient animals: 3 goats and 7 cattle. All animals were fed a diet containing fresh-cut 100% leucaena during the 18-day study period. Measurement of urinary DHP via colorimetric analysis commenced 8 days prior to animals being drenched with rumen fluid or water and continued for 10 days afterwards. Urinary DHP levels in animals that received the inoculum did not differ from those in the control group 10 days post-inoculation (mean 425 mg DHP/L; P = 0.50). Unexpectedly, DHP levels in all animals (rumen fluid and water) declined with time, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.12), and remained above considered safe threshold levels. These results suggest that transfer of rumen fluid to overcome leucaena toxicity in animals in eastern Indonesia may not be effective despite great care having been taken to ensure the viability of the anaerobic organisms during the inoculation process; this methodology is also not a practical solution to replicate on a commercial scale. The findings suggest that inoculation may not be necessary if animals previously naïve to leucaena are able to adapt to DHP toxicity by other means.

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