Radiation-use efficiency of irrigated biomass sorghum in a Mediterranean environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Rinaldi ◽  
Pasquale Garofalo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Mathematical crop simulation models are useful tools in predicting the potential yield of field crops in a specific environment. The main driving parameter used to estimate biomass accumulation in most of these models is radiation-use efficiency (RUE). Biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a crop that can be used for energy production (thermal and bioethanol chains) and a knowledge of its RUE in different water supply conditions can help to improve model simulations and evaluate crop diffusion. A 3-year field experiment was carried out in Southern Italy where sorghum was submitted to four irrigated regimes based on actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc). In the first year ETc was measured with weighted lysimeters, while in the other 2 years it was estimated by means of estimated crop coefficient (Kc) and the reference evapotranspiration ET0. The RUE, calculated as the slope of the first-order equation between dry biomass and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation along a crop cycle, showed an average of 2.91 ± 0.54 g MJ–1, even if the RUE proved to be closely correlated with crop water consumption. The latter ranged between 891 and 454 mm and the RUE increased 4.2 mg MJ–1 per mm of water used. A high crop interception of solar radiation was observed in sorghum, reaching its maximum efficiency 40 days after sowing. To obtain high yielding yield biomass sorghum requires a large supply of water, as confirmed by the Kc calculated during the crop cycle, which resulted higher (especially in the development and middle stages) when compared with those reported in the FAO 56 Paper. The obtained RUE values also confirmed a high efficiency in biomass production of this crop, allowing for the introduction of biomass sorghum in the cropping systems of Mediterranean environments as an alternative crop for energy purposes, but with adequate irrigation water supply.

Growth Response and Productivity of Sorghum for Bioenergy Production in South Texas

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose C. Chavez ◽  
Juan Enciso ◽  
Girisha Ganjegunte ◽  
Nithya Rajan ◽  
John Jifon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Abstract. Biomass sorghum ( (L.) Moench) is widely recognized for its high biomass yield potential, high efficiency in converting solar energy into biomass, and high efficiency in water use for biofuel production. Therefore, it could be a sustainable alternative to traditional food/feed crops in south Texas. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) quantify the growth response and dry biomass productivity of a forage sorghum hybrid (Pioneer 877F) and two high-biomass sorghum hybrids (Blade ES 5140 and Blade ES 5200) in south Texas, (2) determine the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) of the sorghum hybrids over two years, and (3) identify variations in WUE and water used among the hybrids. The experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Weslaco, Texas, during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. There were significant differences among hybrids during the two years in dry biomass, RUE, and WUE. The highest productivities and efficiencies were observed in the biomass hybrids. Blade ES 5200 produced an average dry biomass of 32.8 Mg ha-1 with a leaf area index (LAI) of 6.0 m2 m-2, RUE of 4.92 g MJ-1, and WUE of 6.98 kg m-3. In contrast to the biomass hybrids, the forage hybrid produced the lowest yields. The average dry biomass observed was 20.9 Mg ha-1 with an LAI of 2.6 m2 m-2, RUE of 3.52 g MJ-1, and WUE of 4.28 kg m-3. Our results show that biomass sorghum hybrids can produce up to 66% more biomass than forage hybrids, and they have potential for producing as much as 33 Mg ha-1 with 530 mm of water using drip irrigation in south Texas. Keywords: Biomass sorghum, Crop growth rate, Radiation use efficiency, Water use efficiency.

Water-use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Robertson ◽  
John A. Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency

The French and Shultz approach that relates seasonal rainfall to potential yield in wheat has yet to be applied to dryland canola. Relationships were derived between grain yield of 42 experimental crops (yield range 0.5–5.4 t/ha) free of weeds, pests, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies in southern New South Wales, and various measures of observed (rainfall, available soil water) and simulated (evapotranspiration) seasonal water supply. April to October rainfall and in-crop rainfall were the poorest predictors of yield (R2 < 0.5). By adjusting in-crop rainfall to account for stored soil water at sowing and that remaining at harvest (termed ‘seasonal water supply’), 68% of the variance in yield could be explained. Estimates derived using the APSIM-Canola simulation model or simulated totals of evapotranspiration or transpiration explained 73–82% of the variance. The slope of the regression line between yield of the 42 crops, which simulation indicated had all yielded to their water-limited potential, and seasonal water supply (termed here the water-use efficiency for grain production, WUE) was 11 kg/ha.mm above an intercept of 120 mm. WUE varied from 4 to 18 kg/ha.mm and the upper boundary for WUE in those seasons where rainfall distribution facilitated maximum efficiency was 15 kg/ha.mm. Long-term simulations, conducted at locations with mean annual rainfall of 430–660 mm, confirmed the variability of WUE due to rainfall distribution and also that WUE would be expected to decline, on average, by one-third between sowings in early April and early July. This necessitates caution in accepting a single WUE value as an indicator of agronomic constraints to yield. For the purposes of practical application by farmers and advisors, water-limited potential yield can be calculated in the region as a function of seasonal water supply minus 120 mm up to a limit of 450 mm, beyond which potential yield is not limited by water. Available soil water at sowing can be estimated from summer fallow rainfall above a threshold of 80 mm, and water remaining at harvest can be estimated from post-anthesis rainfall above a threshold of 50 mm. This improved method for estimating water-limited potential yield in canola retains the ease of use of the French and Shultz approach, so that other constraints to yield can be more accurately diagnosed in dryland environments by farmers and advisors.

scholarly journals SOLAR RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY AND GROSS PROTEIN OF SORGHUM FORAGE ARE MODIFIED BY THE CUTTING MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Renata Schneider ◽  
Braulio Otomar Caron ◽  
Elvis Felipe Elli ◽  
Felipe Schwerz ◽  
Thaise Dieminger Engroff
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
The Third ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Radiation Use

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the growth, the solar radiation use efficiency, and the gross protein of sorghum forage under different cutting management. A unifactorial design in random blocks (cutting management) was used, varying from no-cut treatment to four cuts. The first cut occurred 44 days after sowing, the second one after 23 days of regrowth, the third one after 25 days of regrowth, and the last one after 40 days of regrowth. The efficiency of the sorghum forage's solar radiation use reduces as the number of cuts increases. The sorghum forage's gross protein increases with cutting management. Therefore, for a sorghum forage crop, it is recommended to restrain the cutting management up to three times during the crop cycle, since it has the biomass potential production, and the cuts should be made at every 25 days, depending on the increase of dry mass. After that, the cutting management should not be done, mainly due to the low radiation use efficiency, reduced dry mass accumulation, and low material quality.

scholarly journals RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY, ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION, CANOPY DEVELOPMENT, LEAF AREA-LIGHT INTERCEPTION PROFILES AND RADIATION INTERCEPTION OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION REGIMEN / INFLUENCIA DEL RÉGIMEN DE IRRIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EFICACIA DEL USO DE LA RADIACIÓN, LA ACUMULACIÓN DE BIOMASA, EL DESAROROLLO DEL CANOPEO, EL ÁREA DE LA HOJA Y LOS PERFILES DE INTERCEPCIÓN DE LUZ Y DE RADIACIÓN EN GIRASOL (Helianthus annuus L.) / EFFICACITÉ DE L’UTILISATION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES, ACCUMULATION DE LA BIOMASSE DANS LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE, DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’OMBRELLE, PROFILS D’INTERCEPTION DE LA LUMIÈRE PAR LA FEUILLE ET INTERCEPTION DES RADIATIONS SOLAIRES CHEZ LE TOURNESOL (Helianthus annuus L.) SOUS L’INFLUENCE D’UN RÉGIME D’IRRIGATION

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sridhara ◽  
T.G. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted at Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore to study the effect of irrigation regimens on the biomass accumulation, canopy development, light interception and radiation use efficiency of sunflower. The treatments includes irrigating the plants at 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 cumulative pan evaporation. The results indicated that the aboveground biomass, canopy development, radiation interception and radiation use efficiency were influenced favorably by the irrigation regimens. Irrespective of the irrigation regimen, the radiation use efficiency of sunflower increased from 15 DAS to 75 DAS and then tended to decline. The decrease in RUE after anthesis is coupled with decrease in leaf nitrogen content. In general the RUE of sunflower ranged from 0.49 g MJ-1 to 1.84 g MJ-1 at different growth stages. The light transmission within the canopy increased exponentially with plant height and the canopy extension coefficient is found to be 0.8.

scholarly journals Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Transmitted PAR under High-Density and Super High-Density Olive Orchards

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Adolfo Rosati ◽  
Damiano Marchionni ◽  
Dario Mantovani ◽  
Luigi Ponti ◽  
Franco Famiani
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
High Density ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Radiation Use

We quantified the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception in a high-density (HD) and a super high-density (SHD) or hedgerow olive system, by measuring the PAR transmitted under the canopy along transects at increasing distance from the tree rows. Transmitted PAR was measured every minute, then cumulated over the day and the season. The frequencies of the different PAR levels occurring during the day were calculated. SHD intercepted significantly but slightly less overall PAR than HD (0.57 ± 0.002 vs. 0.62 ± 0.03 of the PAR incident above the canopy) but had a much greater spatial variability of transmitted PAR (0.21 under the tree row, up to 0.59 in the alley center), compared to HD (range: 0.34–0.43). This corresponded to greater variability in the frequencies of daily PAR values, with the more shaded positions receiving greater frequencies of low PAR values. The much lower PAR level under the tree row in SHD, compared to any position in HD, implies greater self-shading in lower-canopy layers, despite similar overall interception. Therefore, knowing overall PAR interception does not allow an understanding of differences in PAR distribution on the ground and within the canopy and their possible effects on canopy radiation use efficiency (RUE) and performance, between different architectural systems.

SEED-ORIENTED PLANTING IMPROVES LIGHT INTERCEPTION, RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILHERME M. TORRES ◽  
ADRIAN KOLLER ◽  
RANDY TAYLOR ◽  
WILLIAM R. RAUN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Radiation Use

SUMMARYSeed-oriented planting provides a manner to influence canopy structure. The purpose of this research was to improve maize light interception using seed-oriented planting to manipulate leaf azimuth across the row thereby minimizing leaf overlap. To achieve leaf azimuths oriented preferentially across the row, seeds were planted: (i) upright with caryopsis pointed down, parallel to the row (upright); and (ii) laying flat, embryo up, perpendicular to the row (flat). These treatments were compared to conventionally planted seeds with resulting random leaf azimuth distribution. Seed orientation effects were contrasted with three levels of plant population and two levels of hybrid specific canopy structures. Increased plant population resulted in greater light interception but yield tended to decrease as plant population increased. The planophile hybrid produced consistently greater yields than the erectophile hybrid. The difference between planophile and erectophile hybrids ranged from 283 to 903 kg ha−1. Overall, mean grain yield for upright and flat seed placement increased by 351 and 463 kg ha−1 compared to random seed placement. Greater cumulative intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CIPAR) was found for oriented seeds rather than random-oriented seeds. At physiological maturity upright, flat and random-oriented seeds intercepted 555, 525 and 521 MJ m−2 of PAR, respectively. Maize yield responded positively to improved light interception and better radiation use efficiency. Under irrigated conditions, precision planting of maize increased yield by 9 to 14% compared to random-oriented seeds.

Radiation-use efficiency in biomass accumulation prior to grain-filling for five grain-crop species

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Kiniry ◽  
C.A. Jones ◽  
J.C. O'toole ◽  
R. Blanchet ◽  
M. Cabelguenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Water demand and water use efficiency of winter barley in Hungary

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Z. Varga-Haszonits ◽  
E. Enzsölné Gerencsér ◽  
Z. Lantos ◽  
Z. Varga
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Use Efficiency

The temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use were investigated for winter barley. Evaluations were carried out on a database containing meteorological and yield data from 15 stations. The spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated from 1951 to 2000 and the moisture conditions during the growth period of winter barley were investigated. The water supply was found to be favourable, since the average values of soil moisture remained above the lower limit of favourable water content throughout the growth period, except for September–December and May–June. The actual evapotranspiration tended to be close to the potential evapotranspiration, so the water supplies were favourable throughout the vegetation period. The calculated values of WUE showed an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990, but the lower level of agricultural inputs caused a decline after 1990. The average values of WUE varied between 0.87 and 1.09 g/kg in different counties, with higher values in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. The potential yield of winter barley can be calculated from the maximum value of WUE. Except in the cooler northern and western parts of the country, the potential yield of winter barley, based on the water supply, could exceed 10 t/ha.

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