Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 2. Strategies for the adoption of controlled traffic

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Garside ◽  
M. J. Bell ◽  
B. G. Robotham
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Controlled Traffic

Controlled traffic (matching wheel and row spacing) is being promoted as a means to manage soil compaction in the Australian sugar industry. However, machinery limitations dictate that wider row spacings than the standard 1.5-m single row will need to be adopted to incorporate controlled traffic and many growers are reluctant to widen row spacing for fear of yield penalties. To address these concerns, contrasting row configuration and planting density combinations were investigated for their effect on cane and sugar yield in large-scale experiments in the Gordonvale, Tully, Ingham, Mackay, and Bingera (near Bundaberg) sugarcane-growing regions of Queensland, Australia. The results showed that sugarcane possesses a capacity to compensate for different row configurations and planting densities through variation in stalk number and individual stalk weight. Row configurations ranging from 1.5-m single rows (the current industry standard) to 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), 2.1-m dual (80 cm between duals) and triple (65 cm between triples) rows, and 2.3-m triple rows (65 cm between triples) produced similar yields. Four rows (50 cm apart) on a 2.1-m configuration (quad rows) produced lower yields largely due to crop lodging, while a 1.8-m single row configuration produced lower yields in the plant crop, probably due to inadequate resource availability (water stress/limited radiation interception). The results suggest that controlled traffic can be adopted in the Australian sugar industry by changing from a 1.5-m single row to 1.8-m dual row configuration without yield penalty. Further, the similar yields obtained with wider row configurations (2 m or greater with multiple rows) in these experiments emphasise the physiological and environmental plasticity that exists in sugarcane. Controlled traffic can be implemented with these wider row configurations (>2 m), although it will be necessary to carry out expensive modifications to the current harvester and haul-out equipment. There were indications from this research that not all cultivars were suited to configurations involving multiple rows. The results suggest that consideration be given to assessing clones with different growth habits under a range of row configurations to find the most suitable plant types for controlled traffic cropping systems.

Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 3. Responses with different cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Garside ◽  
M. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Stalk Weight ◽  
Controlled Traffic

The promotion of controlled traffic (matching wheel and row spacing) in the Australian sugar industry is necessitating a widening of row spacing beyond the standard 1.5 m. As all cultivars grown in the Australian industry have been selected under the standard row spacing there are concerns that at least some cultivars may not be suitable for wider rows. To address this issue, experiments were established in northern and southern Queensland in which cultivars, with different growth characteristics, recommended for each region, were grown under a range of different row configurations. In the northern Queensland experiment at Gordonvale, cultivars Q187, Q200, Q201, and Q218 were grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), and 2.3-m dual rows (80 cm between duals). In the southern Queensland experiment at Farnsfield, cvv. Q138, Q205, Q222 and Q188 were also grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), while 1.8-m-wide throat planted single row and 2.0-m dual row (80 cm between duals) configurations were also included. There was no difference in yield between the different row configurations at Farnsfield but there was a significant row configuration × cultivar interaction at Gordonvale due to good yields in 1.8-m single and dual rows with Q201 and poor yields with Q200 at the same row spacings. There was no significant difference between the two cultivars in 1.5-m single and 2.3-m dual rows. The experiments once again demonstrated the compensatory capacity that exists in sugarcane to manipulate stalk number and individual stalk weight as a means of producing similar yields across a range of row configurations and planting densities. There was evidence of different growth patterns between cultivars in response to different row configurations (viz. propensity to tiller, susceptibility to lodging, ability to compensate between stalk number and stalk weight), suggesting that there may be genetic differences in response to row configuration. It is argued that there is a need to evaluate potential cultivars under a wider range of row configurations than the standard 1.5-m single rows. Cultivars that perform well in row configurations ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 m are essential if the adverse effects of soil compaction are to be managed through the adoption of controlled traffic.

Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 1. Responses in fumigated and non-fumigated soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Garside ◽  
M. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Stalk Weight

It has been reported that high-density planting of sugarcane can improve cane and sugar yield through promoting rapid canopy closure and increasing radiation interception earlier in crop growth. It is widely known that the control of adverse soil biota through fumigation (removes soil biological constraints and improves soil health) can improve cane and sugar yield. Whether the responses to high-density planting and improved soil health are additive or interactive has important implications for the sugarcane production system. Field experiments established at Bundaberg and Mackay, Queensland, Australia, involved all combinations of 2-row spacings (0.5 and 1.5 m), two planting densities (27 000 and 81 000 two-eyed setts/ha), and two soil fumigation treatments (fumigated and non-fumigated). The Bundaberg experiment had two cultivars (Q124, Q155), was fully irrigated, and harvested 15 months after planting. The Mackay experiment had one cultivar (Q117), was grown under rainfed conditions, and harvested 10 months after planting. High-density planting (81 000 setts/ha in 0.5-m rows) did not produce any more cane or sugar yield at harvest than low-density planting (27 000 setts/ha in 1.5-m rows) regardless of location, crop duration (15 v. 10 months), water supply (irrigated v. rainfed), or soil health (fumigated v. non-fumigated). Conversely, soil fumigation generally increased cane and sugar yields regardless of site, row spacing, and planting density. In the Bundaberg experiment there was a large fumigation × cultivar × density interaction (P < 0.01). Cultivar Q155 responded positively to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but not in fumigated soil, while Q124 showed a negative response to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but no response in fumigated soil. In the Mackay experiment, Q117 showed a non-significant trend of increasing yield in response to increasing planting density in non-fumigated soil, similar to the Q155 response in non-fumigated soil at Bundaberg. The similarity in yield across the range of row spacings and planting densities within experiments was largely due to compensation between stalk number and stalk weight, particularly when fumigation was used to address soil health. Further, the different cultivars (Q124 and Q155 at Bundaberg and Q117 at Mackay) exhibited differing physiological responses to the fumigation, row spacing, and planting density treatments. These included the rate of tiller initiation and subsequent loss, changes in stalk weight, and propensity to lodging. These responses suggest that there may be potential for selecting cultivars suited to different planting configurations.

scholarly journals Grain Sorghum Response to Row Spacing and Plant Populations in the Texas Coastal Bend Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Fernandez ◽  
Dan D. Fromme ◽  
W. James Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Opportune Time ◽  
Lower Plant ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Two grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) studies were conducted in the Coastal Bend Region of Texas over a two-year period. In one study, sorghum growth and yield were compared when planted in a single row on beds or planted in twin rows on beds with different plant populations under dryland or irrigation. Above average rainfall occurred in May 2000 which resulted in twin rows at any plant population producing higher yields than the single row at lower plant population. In 2001, single-row plantings with either plant population (124,000–160,000 or 161,000–198,000 plants/ha) produced higher yield than twin rows planted at 161,000–198,000 plants/ha. Under irrigation, twin rows planted at 161,000–198,000 plants/ha produced higher yields than single row at the same population; however, no other yield differences were noted when row systems or plant populations were compared. In another study, 38 cm row spacings were compared with 76 cm row spacings under two plant populations. In 2000, when rains fell at an opportune time, no yield differences were noted; however, in 2001 with below average rainfall, the 76 cm plantings at 170,000–200,000 and 210,000–240,000 plants/ha produced higher yield than the 38 cm plantings at those same plant populations.

scholarly journals YIELD AND POD DISTRIBUTION OF CAYENNE PEPPERS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTING DENSITY

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1140f-1140
Author(s):  
Heather H. Friend ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Pepper Plants

The effect of planting density on yield and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicun annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a two year study. In 1988, planting density was adjusted by altering the in-row spacing of single row beds, while in 1989 planting density was adjusted by altering both in-row spacing and number of rows per bed. In-row spacings evaluated in 1988 were 60, 45, 30, and 15 cm, while in-row spacings of 60, 30, and 15 cm in single and double rows were evaluated in 1989. In 1988, pepper plants grown in the highest density (15 cm in-row spacing) produced less fruit per plant, but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, greatest yields per hectare were recorded with either 15 cm in-row spacings with single rows per bed or 30 cm in-row spacings with double rows per bed, In general, greater percentages of fruits were located in the upper part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant densities.

scholarly journals YIELD AND POD DISTRIBUTION OF CAYENNE PEPPERS AS AFFECTED BY PLANTING DENSITY

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1140F-1140
Author(s):  
Heather H. Friend ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Pepper Plants

The effect of planting density on yield and pod distribution of cayenne pepper (Capsicun annuum var. annuum L. cv. Carolina Cayenne) was investigated in a two year study. In 1988, planting density was adjusted by altering the in-row spacing of single row beds, while in 1989 planting density was adjusted by altering both in-row spacing and number of rows per bed. In-row spacings evaluated in 1988 were 60, 45, 30, and 15 cm, while in-row spacings of 60, 30, and 15 cm in single and double rows were evaluated in 1989. In 1988, pepper plants grown in the highest density (15 cm in-row spacing) produced less fruit per plant, but more fruit per hectare than those grown in lower densities. In 1989, greatest yields per hectare were recorded with either 15 cm in-row spacings with single rows per bed or 30 cm in-row spacings with double rows per bed, In general, greater percentages of fruits were located in the upper part of the plant canopy when planted in higher plant densities.

Growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) grown in the marginal upland area of Sta. Rita, Samar as influenced by different planting densities and mulching materials

2017 ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Zenaida Gonzaga ◽  
Warren Obeda ◽  
Ana Linda Gorme ◽  
Jessie Rom ◽  
Oscar Abrantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bare Soil ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Lady’S Finger ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Minor

Okra or Lady’s finger, botanically known as Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, is a tropical and sub-tropical indigenous vegetable crop commonly grown for its fibrous, slimy, and nutritious fruits and consumed by all classes of population. It has also several medicinal and economic values. Despite its many uses and potential value, its importance is under estimated, under-utilized, and considered a minor crop and little attention was paid to its improvement. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different planting densities and mulching materials on the growth and yield of okra grown in slightly sloping area in the marginal uplands in Sta. Rita, Samar, Philippines. A split-plot experiment was set up with planting density as main plot and the different mulching materials as the sub-plot which were: unmulched or bare soil, rice straw, rice hull, hagonoy and plastic mulch. Planting density did not significantly affect the growth and yield of okra. Regardless ofthe mulching materials used, mulched plants were taller and yielded higher compared to unmulched plants. Moreover, the use of plastic mulch resulted to the highest total fruit yield. The results indicate the potential of mulching in increasing yield and thus profitability of okra production under marginal upland conditions.

scholarly journals Is Agriculture Always a GHG Emitter? A Combination of Eddy Covariance and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Calculate C Intake and Uptake in a Kiwifruit Orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6906
Author(s):  
Federica Rossi ◽  
Camilla Chieco ◽  
Nicola Di Virgilio ◽  
Teodoro Georgiadis ◽  
Marianna Nardino
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Efficiency Ratio

While a substantial reduction of GHG (greenhouse gases) is urged, large-scale mitigation implies a detailed and holistic knowledge on the role of specific cropping systems, including the effect of management choices and local factors on the final balance between emissions and removals, this last typical of cropping systems. Here, a conventionally managed irrigated kiwifruit orchard has been studied to assess its greenhouse gases emissions and removals to determine its potential action as a C sink or, alternately, as a C source. The paper integrates two independent approaches. Biological CO2 fluxes have been monitored during 2012 using the micrometeorological Eddy covariance technique, while life cycle assessment quantified emissions derived from the energy and material used. In a climatic-standard year, total GHG emitted as consequence of the management were 4.25 t CO2-eq−1 ha−1 yr−1 while the net uptake measured during the active vegetation phase was as high as 4.9 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1. This led to a positive contribution of the crop to CO2 absorption, with a 1.15 efficiency ratio (sink-source factor defined as t CO2 stored/t CO2 emitted). The mitigating activity, however, completely reversed under extremely unfavorable climatic conditions, such as those recorded in 2003, when the efficiency ratio became 0.91, demonstrating that the occurrence of hotter and drier conditions are able to compromise the capability of Actinidia to offset the GHG emissions, also under appropriate irrigation.

scholarly journals Reliability of a Visual Recognition System for Detection of Johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense) in Corn

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionisio Andújar ◽  
Ángela Ribeiro ◽  
Cesar Fernández-Quintanilla ◽  
José Dorado
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Infested Area ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Combine Harvester

The feasibility of visual detection of weeds for map-based patch spraying systems needs to be assessed for use in large-scale cropping systems. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the reliability and profitability of using maps of Johnsongrass patches constructed at harvest to predict spatial distribution of weeds during the next cropping season. Johnsongrass patches visually were assessed from the cabin of a combine harvester in three corn fields and were compared with maps obtained in the subsequent year prior to postemergence herbicide application. There was a good correlation (71% on average) between the position of Johnsongrass patches on the two maps (fall vs. spring). The highest correlation (82%) was obtained with relatively large infestations, whereas the lowest (58%) was obtained when the infested area was smaller. Although the relative positions of the patches remained almost unchanged from 1 yr to the next, the infested area increased in all fields during the 4-yr experimental period. According to our estimates, using a strategy based on spraying full rates of herbicides to patches recorded in the map generated in the previous fall resulted in higher net returns than spraying the whole field, either at full or half rate. This site-specific strategy resulted in an average 65% reduction in the volume of herbicide applied to control this weed.

Growth and yield differences between triazine-tolerant and non-triazine-tolerant cultivars of canola

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Robertson ◽  
J. F. Holland ◽  
S. Cawley ◽  
T. D. Potter ◽  
W. Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Radiation Extinction ◽  
Radiation Use

Canola tolerant to the triazine group of herbicides is grown widely in Australian broad-acre cropping systems. Triazine-tolerant (TT) cultivars are known to have a yield and oil content penalty compared with non-TT cultivars. This study was designed to elucidate the crop physiological basis for the yield differences between the two types. Two commercial cultivars, near-isogenic for the TT trait, were compared in a detailed growth analysis in the field, and 22 crops were compared for phenology and crop attributes at maturity. In the growth analysis study, the TT trait was found to lower radiation use efficiency, which carried through to less biomass at maturity. There were minimal effects on leaf area development and harvest index, and no effect on canopy radiation extinction. Across the 22 crops, where yield varied from 240 to 3400 kg/ha in the non-TT cultivar, yield was on average 26% less in the TT cultivar due to less biomass produced, as there was no significant effect on harvest index. The difference in oil content (2-5%) was greater in low oil content environments. Flowering was delayed by 2-10 days with a greater delay being in later flowering environments. Quantification of the physiological attributes of TT canola allows the assessment of the productivity of different cultivar types across environments.

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