Host Range of Three Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides From Tropical Pasture Legumes, and Comparative Histological Studies of Interactions Between Type B Disease-Producing Strains and Stylosanthes scabra (Non-Host) and S. guianensis (Host)

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Vinijsanun ◽  
JAG Irwin ◽  
DF Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Type B ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Reaction Matrix

The Type A isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Stylosanthes hamata and an isolate from Aeschynomenefalcata had relatively wide host ranges, causing disease on 10 and 11 respectively of the 22 plant species tested. Seven plant species were common hosts to the two strains. The Type B isolate from Stylosanthes guianensis had a relatively narrow host range, causing severe disease on S. guianensis only and slight disease on Desmodium barbatum only. Because of this, a special form is proposed for the Type B isolate, namely C. gloeosporioides f. sp. guianensis, to indicate its specificity towards Stylosanthes guianensis. The histopathology at the light microscope level of the non-host resistance of S. scabra to C. Gloeosporioides f. sp. guianensis was studied both on whole leaves that had been cleared and stained, and in transverse sections. The compatible interaction between S. guianensis and C. gloeosporioides f. sp. guianensis was also studied in parallel as a control. Quantitative whole leaf studies showed that the pre-penetration processes were similar for the two interactions, with higher levels of germination occurring on the non-host (35%) than on the host (27%). Of 2250 appressoria examined for evidence of penetration in whole leaves for each of the two interactions at 72 h after inoculation, 6.6% had penetrated for the compatible interaction and in all cases only direct penetration was observed. For the interaction with the non-host (S. scabra) only one penetration was observed, and this appeared to occur through a stomate. The studies on transverse leaf sections showed that in the non-host interaction, penetration pegs, if produced, remained localised in the cuticle and were surrounded by a densely staining reaction matrix. In the compatible interactions, the fungus produced a vesicle in the cuticle by 24 h. A dense reaction matrix was often observed in the cuticle beneath the appressorium but penetration of the host epidermal cell, followed by subcuticular, intercellular and intracellular growth, had occurred by 72 h. Cell collapse was not evident after this period, suggesting the fungus was biotrophic for the first 72 h of the interaction.

Histopathology of Compatible Interactions Involving Biotypes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides That Cause Anthracnose of Stylosanthes Spp

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAG Irwin ◽  
PR Trevorrow ◽  
DF Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Fungal Invasion ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra ◽  
Compatible Interactions

The histopathology of compatible interactions between type A and type B Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Stylosanthes scabra cv. Fitzroy and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Endeavour was studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy at various times after inoculation. Quantitative studies of germination and penetration processes with whole leaf mounts showed that the processes were similar for the two diseases but that unmelanized appressoria were produced more rapidly (3 h after inoculation) by the type A fungus on both hosts than by the type B fungus on Endeavour (6 h after inoculation). After 6 h for the type A fungus and 12 h for the type B fungus, the majority of appressoria were melanized. First evidence of penetration on the whole leaf mounts was observed 12 h after inoculation on all three interactions. Percentage penetration of the susceptible Endeavour by the type B fungus was significantly higher than that for the type A fungus on Fitzroy (susceptible) and Endeavour (intermediate). Subcuticular infection hyphae were present in transverse leaf sections of both diseases after 12 h and both intercellular and intracellular fungal invasion were observed after 24 h. Acewuli of the type A hngus had developed on Fitzroy by 96 h, whereas acervuli of the type B fungus had developed on Endeavour by 144 h. Mesophyll cells were particularly susceptible to fungal invasion and rapidly collapsed. Swelling of epidermal cell walls in response to invasion was also observed but this did not confer resistance.

Influence of environmental factors on the development of the anthracnose diseases of Stylosanthes spp

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAG Irwin ◽  
DF Cameron ◽  
D Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Type A ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Type B ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Wetness Period ◽  
Leaf Wetness Period

The influence of temperature, period of leaf wetness after inoculation, and relative humidity on the development of the type A and type B diseases of Stylosanthes spp. caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was studied in controlled environment cabinets. Severe disease of both types developed in plants incubated at temperatures of 20-30�C, and given 24 h of leaf wetness after inoculation. Provided these conditions were imposed, high levels of disease developed following the leaf wetness period, irrespective of the relative humidity (40-50% or >95%). High levels of disease developed for both the type A and type B combinations at temperatures in the range 20-3OoC, but only the type A disease developed at >34�C. Neither disease developed at constant temperatures of 15 or 37�C. The use of these results in the development of a model to predict field infection is discussed.

scholarly journals Biological and Host Range Characteristics of Lysathia flavipes (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent of Invasive Ludwigia spp. (Onagraceae) in the USA

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Angelica M. Reddy ◽  
Paul D. Pratt ◽  
Brenda J. Grewell ◽  
Nathan E. Harms ◽  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Exotic water primroses (Ludwigia spp.) are aggressive invaders in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. To date, management of exotic Ludwigia spp. has been limited to physical and chemical control methods. Biological control provides an alternative approach for the management of invasive Ludwigia spp. but little is known regarding the natural enemies of these exotic plants. Herein the biology and host range of Lysathia flavipes (Boheman), a herbivorous beetle associated with Ludwigia spp. in Argentina and Uruguay, was studied to determine its suitability as a biocontrol agent for multiple closely related target weeds in the USA. The beetle matures from egg to adult in 19.9 ± 1.4 days at 25 °C; females lived 86.3 ± 35.6 days and laid 1510.6 ± 543.4 eggs over their lifespans. No-choice development and oviposition tests were conducted using four Ludwigia species and seven native plant species. Lysathia flavipes showed little discrimination between plant species: larvae aggressively fed and completed development, and the resulting females (F1 generation) oviposited viable eggs on most plant species regardless of origin. These results indicate that L. flavipes is not sufficiently host-specific for further consideration as a biocontrol agent of exotic Ludwigia spp. in the USA and further testing is not warranted.

Transmission characteristics and host range of the clover yellow edge agent

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.N. Chiykowski
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Transmission Characteristics

A disease of clover, designated as clover yellow edge (CYE), was transmitted by Aphrodes bicinctus (Schrank) but not by the leafhoppers Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), Agallia constricta Van Duzee, and Agallia quadripunctata Prov. or a Cercopid sp. Transmission by A. bicinctus, given various acquisition access periods on infected clover as nymphs, increased from 29% for 1 day to 67% for 14 days for females and from 42% for 1 day to 72% for 14 days for males. When leafhoppers were given similar acquisition access periods as adults, transmission ranged from 5% for 1 day to 24% for 14 days for females and from 25% for 1 day to 33% for 14 days for males. Inoculative female leafhoppers, given inoculation access periods ranging from 0.5 h to 96 h, began transmitting with 1-h feeds (29%) and reached a maximum with 96-h feeds (88%). Inoculative males began transmitting with 8-h feeds (50%) and reached a maximum with 48-h feeds (83%), the longest time tested. The average preinfective period for female and male leafhoppers tested individually was 42.2 days and 40.1 days, respectively. Once an insect became inoculative, it continued to transmit until death.Of the 31 plant species in 12 families tested as hosts of the clover yellow edge agent (CYEA). 15 species in 6 families developed symptoms. The most commonly observed symptoms were chlorosis or yellowing of leaf margins and reduction in the size of flowers and leaves. Aphrodes bicinctus transmitted CYEA to clover from eight of eight infected plant species tested as source hosts.

Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Badii ◽  
M.K. Billah ◽  
K. Afreh-Nuamah ◽  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Fruit Samples

An important aspect of fruit fly management is accurate information on the species and their host spectrum. Studies were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 to determine the host range and species diversity of pest fruit flies in the northern savannah ecology of Ghana. Fruit samples from 80 potential host plants (wild and cultivated) were collected and incubated for fly emergence; 65 (81.5%) of the plant species were positive to fruit flies. From records in Africa, 11 plant species were reported to be new hosts to the African invader fly,Bactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005). This study documented the first records ofDacus ciliatus(Loew) andTrirhithrum nigerrimum(Bezzi) in northern Ghana although both species have been previously reported in other parts of the country. Infestation byB. invadenswas higher in the cultivated fruits;Ceratitis cosyradominated in most wild fruits. Cucurbitaceae were mainly infested by three species ofDacusandBactroceracucurbitae, a specialized cucurbit feeder. Among the commercial fruit species, the highest infestations were observed in mango, tomato, sweet pepper and watermelon, whereas marula plum, soursop, tropical almond, sycamore fig, African peach, shea nut, persimmon, icacina and albarillo dominated the wild host flora. The widespread availability of host plants and the incidence of diverse fly species in the ecology call for particular attention to their impact on commercial fruits and the development of sustainable management strategies against these economically important pests in Ghana.

scholarly journals Host Range Evolution of Potyviruses: A Global Phylogenetic Analysis

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Moury ◽  
Cécile Desbiez
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Host Range Evolution ◽  
Ecological Mechanisms

Virus host range, i.e., the number and diversity of host species of viruses, is an important determinant of disease emergence and of the efficiency of disease control strategies. However, for plant viruses, little is known about the genetic or ecological factors involved in the evolution of host range. Using available genome sequences and host range data, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of host range evolution in the genus Potyvirus, a large group of plant RNA viruses that has undergone a radiative evolution circa 7000 years ago, contemporaneously with agriculture intensification in mid Holocene. Maximum likelihood inference based on a set of 59 potyviruses and 38 plant species showed frequent host range changes during potyvirus evolution, with 4.6 changes per plant species on average, including 3.1 host gains and 1.5 host loss. These changes were quite recent, 74% of them being inferred on the terminal branches of the potyvirus tree. The most striking result was the high frequency of correlated host gains occurring repeatedly in different branches of the potyvirus tree, which raises the question of the dependence of the molecular and/or ecological mechanisms involved in adaptation to different plant species.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Nectriaceous Fungi on Avocado in Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 1479-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisamarie E. Parkinson ◽  
Roger G. Shivas ◽  
Elizabeth K. Dann
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Calonectria Ilicicola ◽  
Leaf Drop ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

Black root rot is a severe disease of young avocado trees in Australia causing black necrotic roots, tree stunting, and leaf drop prior to tree death. Nectriaceous fungi (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), are commonly isolated from symptomatic roots. This research tested the pathogenicity of 19 isolates from Calonectria, Cylindrocladiella, Dactylonectria, Gliocladiopsis, and Ilyonectria, spp. collected from young avocado trees and other hosts. Glasshouse pathogenicity tests with ‘Reed’ avocado (Persea americana) seedlings confirmed that Calonectria ilicicola is a severe pathogen of avocado, causing stunting, wilting, and seedling death within 5 weeks of inoculation. Isolates of C. ilicicola from peanut, papaya, and custard apple were also shown to be aggressive pathogens of avocado, demonstrating a broad host range. An isolate of a Calonectria sp. from blueberry and avocado isolates of Dactylonectria macrodidyma, D. novozelandica, D. pauciseptata, and D. anthuriicola caused significant root rot but not stunting within 5 to 9 weeks of inoculation. An isolate of an Ilyonectria sp. from grapevine closely related to Ilyonectria liriodendri, and avocado isolates of Cylindrocladiella pseudoinfestans, Gliocladiopsis peggii, and an Ilyonectria sp. were not pathogenic to avocado.

scholarly journals An Experimental Host Range for Triticum mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dallas L. Seifers ◽  
T. J. Martin ◽  
J. P. Fellers
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Experimental Host ◽  
Experimental Host Range ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
Growth Habits

Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is a newly discovered virus isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum). This study was conducted to determine an experimental host range for TriMV and identify species that could serve as differential hosts for isolating TriMV from Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Plants tested were mechanically inoculated with the 06-123 isolate of TriMV or the Sidney 81 isolate of WSMV. Some plants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies of TriMV and WSMV. Plants infected with TriMV always produced mosaic symptoms and only extracts of symptomatic plants reacted with antibodies of TriMV. Maize is not a host for TriMV but barley, oat, rye, and triticale are hosts of TriMV. Certain barley and triticale accessions are hosts for TriMV but not WSMV. These plants can be used in combination with maize to separate WSMV and TriMV in plants infected by both viruses. We also showed that 8 wild grass species were susceptible to TriMV and 25 were not. All of the grasses susceptible to infection with TriMV have been reported as susceptible to infection with WSMV. Because of their growth habits, these plant species would be less desirable for use as differential hosts than maize, barley, and triticale.

scholarly journals A Cytochrome P450 Gene Is Differentially Expressed in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions Between Pepper (Capsicum annuum) and the Anthracnose Fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1044-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boung-Jun Oh ◽  
Moon Kyung Ko ◽  
Young Soon Kim ◽  
Kwang Sang Kim ◽  
Igor Kostenyuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Compatible Interaction ◽  
Incompatible Interaction ◽  
Cell Layers

The anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was previously shown to have an incompatible interaction with ripe-red fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum). However, the fungus had a compatible interaction with unripe-mature-green fruit. Using mRNA differential display, we isolated and characterized a PepCYP gene expressed in the incompatible interaction. The PepCYP gene encodes a protein homologous to cytochrome P450 proteins containing a heme-binding domain. The expression level of PepCYP is higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction, and then remains elevated in the incompatible interaction. In the compatible interaction, the expression of PepCYP is transient. The induction of Pep-CYP gene is up-regulated by wounding or jasmonic acid treatment during ripening. Analysis of PepCYP expression by in situ hybridization shows that the accumulation of PepCYP mRNA is localized in the epidermal cell layers, but not in the cortical cell layers. An examination of transverse sections of the fruits inoculated with the fungus shows that the fungus invades and colonizes the epidermal cell layers of the unripe fruit at 24 and 72 h after inoculation, respectively, but not those of the ripe fruit. These results suggest that the PepCYP gene product plays a role in the defense mechanism when the fungus invades and colonizes the epidermal cells of fruits in the incompatible interaction during the early fungal infection process.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose of Salsola tragus Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Greece

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 971-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Berner ◽  
C. A. Cavin ◽  
M. B. McMahon ◽  
I. Loumbourdis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Type A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Type B ◽  
First Report ◽  
Stems And Leaves

In early October of 2005, dying Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle, tumbleweed), family Chenopodiaceae, plants were found along the Aegean Sea at Kryopigi Beach, Greece (40°02′29″N, 23°29′02″E, elevation 0 m). All of the 30 to 40 plants in the area were diseased and approximately 80% were dead or dying. All plants were relatively large (approximately 1 m tall × 0.5 m diameter), and living portions of diseased plants were flowering. Dying plants had irregular, necrotic lesions extending the length of the stems. Leaves of these plants were also necrotic. Lesions on stems and leaves were dark brown and usually coalesced. Diseased stem pieces were taken to the European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA, ARS at the American Farm School in Thessaloniki, Greece. There, diseased stem pieces were surface disinfested for 15 min with 0.5% NaOCl and placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Numerous, waxy subepidermal acervuli with black setae were observed in all lesions after 2 to 3 days. Conidiophores were simple, short, and erect. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, ovoid to oblong, falcate to straight, 12.9 to 18.0 × 2.8 to 5.5 μm (mode 16.1 × 4.5 μm). These characters conformed to the description of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. (2). Conidia were placed on modified potato carrot agar and axenic cultures from these isolations were sent to the quarantine facility of the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Fort Detrick, MD for testing. On the basis of DNA sequences, two variants within S. tragus have been described in California and named “Type A” and “Type B” (1). Conidia were harvested from 14-day-old cultures grown on 20% V8 juice agar, and healthy stems and leaves of 18 30-day-old plants of S. tragus Type A and 10 Type B plants were spray inoculated with an aqueous conidial suspension (1.0 × 106 conidia/ml plus 0.1% non-ionic surfactant). Three control plants of each type were sprayed with water and surfactant only. Plants were placed in an environmental chamber (18 h of dew in darkness at 25°C). After 1 day, all plants were transferred to a greenhouse (20 to 25°C, 30 to 50% relative humidity, and natural light augmented with 12-h light periods with 500-W sodium vapor lights). Lesions developed on stems of inoculated Type A plants after 5 days. After 14 days, all inoculated Type A plants were dead. Lesions on Type B plants were small and localized; all plants were diseased but no plants died. No symptoms occurred on control plants. C. gloeosporioides was reisolated 14 to 21 days after inoculation from stem pieces of all inoculated plants of both types of S. tragus. This isolate of C. gloeosporioides is a destructive pathogen on S. tragus Type A and is a potential candidate for biological control of this weed in the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides on S. tragus in Greece. A voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD (BPI 871126). Nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2) were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. DQ344621) and exactly matched sequences of the teleomorph, Glomerella cingulata. References: (1) F. Ryan and D. Ayres. Can. J. Bot. 78:59, 2000. (2) B. C. Sutton. Page 15 in: Colletotrichum Biology, Pathology and Control. J. A. Bailey and M. J. Jeger, eds. CAB International Mycological Institute, Wallingford, UK, 1992.

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