The Occurrence and Nature of Lignotubers in Notelaea longifolia and Elaeocarpus reticulatus

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Lacey ◽  
R Jahnke
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cotyledonary Node ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Sympodial Growth

A newly discovered form of lignotuber is described for Notelaea longifolia and Elaeocarpus reticulatus. The populations were studied in a Eucalyptus open-forest subject to fires but both species also occur in rainforest communities. The lignotubers start as two swellings at the cotyledonary node and occasionally at several succeeding nodes. Usually only one swelling develops and forms an elongated, unbranched and positively geotropic lignotuber. .Adventitious roots are developed by the seedling lignotuber and these replace the primary root system at an early age. Downward growth of the lignotuber is initiated by expanding buds, one of which becomes apical. The lignotuber exhibits sympodial growth. Elongation of the lignotuber is due to increased cambial activity at the lignotuber apex. The xylem proximal to the apical bud consists of a core of parenchyma cells forming uniseriate or multiseriate rays and of irregularly arranged vessels. Fibres are lacking. As secondary thickening of the lignotuber proceeds, the cambium produces ray parenchyma and files of vessels alternating with fibres. The xylem of Notelaea lignotubers does not have an easily discernible sapwood-heartwood zonation. Both old and young parenchyma cells store starch, although their cell walls have bordered pits and are apparently lignified. The relationship between the age of parenchyma cells and the functions of starch storage, mobilization and replacement is unknown. The lignotubers of Notelaea and Elaeocarpus differ from Eucalyptus lignotubers in that they: (1) usually develop from only one of the paired swellings of a cotyledonary node; (2) do not fuse with the stem or root; (3) produce adventitious roots that replace the primary root at an early age; (4) grow sympodially; and (5) have an elongated form due to the greater activity of the cambium at the lignotuber apex than at the flanks.

Period of harvest, sprouting ability of cuttings, and in vitro plant regeneration in Fraxinus excelsior

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conceição Eneida Silveira ◽  
Alain Cottignies
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Woody Plant Medium

Propagation by stem cuttings and in vitro culture of apical bud explants were studied on Fraxinus excelsior L. Stem cuttings from 4- to 7-year-old trees growing under natural conditions sprouted only when cuttings were taken from dormant material. Only 6% of those that had sprouted developed roots by the 7th month of culture. Similarly, only apical bud explants harvested during the dormant period sprouted in vitro. Up to 87% of these sprouts developed two to four branching adventitious roots after 5 months of culture. During the initial phase of in vitro culture, the Quoirin and Lepoivre medium and the woody plant medium favoured sprout lengthening. During the phase of multiplication, up to three sprouts per explant developed with the woody plant medium in the presence of a combination of high 6-benzylaminopurine (3.0–4.0 mg∙L−1) and low indole-3-butyric acid (0.01–0.03 mg∙L−1) concentrations. Rooting was obtained in a medium without any growth regulators. Microscopic analysis showed a direct connection between the vascular elements of adventitious roots and stem of plantlet. Chromosome number in root apices of ash plantlets and ash trees grown under natural conditions was 2n = 46. Key words: chromosome number, Fraxinus excelsior L., in vitro plants, micropropagation, stem cuttings.

scholarly journals Vegetative propagation of native fruit species of páramo Thibaudia floribunda and Cavendishia bracteata by cuttings

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Lina María López C. ◽  
Mariam Vásquez M. ◽  
Héctor Lancheros R. ◽  
Stanislav Magnitskiy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Andes Region

Cavendishia bracteata and Thibaudia floribunda (Ericaceae) are wild fruit shrubs native to the Andes region. This study aimed to characterize the rooting potential of basal and apical cuttings using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in different concentrations (0, 200, 500, or 1,000 mg L-1). In C. bracteata, the cutting position on the branch affected its sprouting and rooting, with apical cuttings presenting the best performance with auxin application. The rooting of cuttings was more successful in C. bracteata than in T. floribunda. NAA applications between 200 to 500 mg L-1 were more suitable for the propagation of C. bracteata due to the higher percentages of rooting and shoot production. For propagation of T. floribunda, the use of apical cuttings without the application of auxins is recommended. Adventitious roots in cuttings of both species were originated from parenchyma cells of the stem.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON EUPHORBIA ESULA L.: MORPHOLOGY OF THE ROOT SYSTEM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. S. Raju ◽  
T. A. Steeves ◽  
R. T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Adverse Conditions

The significance of Euphorbia esula L. as a weed is related to its capacity to persist under adverse conditions and to its mode of reproduction. In both these properties, the root system plays an important role. The root system is initially established by seedlings. The seedling has a vigorous primary root with extensive longitudinal growth and considerable cambial activity. Such a root has been designated a "long" root. By contrast, the first lateral roots produced on the primary root have limited growth and no cambial activity. These roots have been termed "short" roots. Thus, the seedling exhibits a "heterorhizic" pattern. Lateral long roots also arise on the primary root of seedlings but their origin is delayed until cambial activity has begun. Such lateral long roots arise much earlier on seedlings growing in denuded areas than on those growing in areas covered by dense vegetation. The mature root system is described in terms of horizontal and vertical long roots, which make up the conspicuous framework of the system, and of the short roots which they produce. Long roots produce shoot-buds and the origin of these structures is delayed until cambial activity has started. Short roots do not give rise to shoot-buds. Cambial activity in long roots appears to be connected with bud production and its absence in short roots probably underlies their inability to produce buds.L'importance de Euphorbia esula L. comme mauvaise herbe est connexé a son capacité de persister dans les situations hostiles et à sa methode de reproduction. Dans ces deux caractéristiques, le système des racines a une signification profunde. Initialement le système des racines s'établit dans le semis. Le semis a une racine primaire très forte avec beaucoup de croissance longitudinale et avec une activité considérable du cambium. Une racine de cette espèce s'appelle une "longue" racine (long root). Par contre, les premières racines latérales que poussent sur la racine primaire ont croissance limité et aucun activité du cambium. Ces racines s'appellent les "courtes" racines (short roots). De cette façon, le semis montre un dessin "heterorhizique" (heterorhizic). Les longues racines latérales ont aussi leur origine sur la racine primaire du semis, mais l'origine est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium. Les racines de cette espèce apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt sur les semis qui sont situés en terre sans autre végétation, que sur ceux qui sont situés au milieu des autres plantes. Le système adulte des racines se décrit sous forme des longues racines de l'espèce horizontale et verticale, lesquelles constituent la charpente bien visible du système, et des courtes racines que sont produites par les longues racines. Les longues racines produisent les bourgeons, mais l'origine des bourgeons est retardé jusqu'au commencement de l'activité du cambium dans les racines. Les courtes racines ne produisent pas les bourgeons. Il paraît que l'activité du cambium dans les longues racines soit corrélative avec l'initiation des bourgeons et l'absence du cambium dans les courtes racines explique probablement leur incapacité à produire les bourgeons.

Distributional variation of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharide epitopes in different pit membranes of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Microdistribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in pit membranes of bordered pits (intertracheid pits between adjacent tracheids), cross-field pits (half bordered pits between tracheids and ray parenchyma cells) and ray pits (simple pits in nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells) was investigated in mature earlywood of juvenile Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings using immunocytochemistry combined with monoclonal antibodies specific to (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (HG, LM19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22) epitopes. Using phloroglucinol-HCl and KMnO4 staining, lignin distribution in pit membranes was also examined. Apart from cross-field pit membranes in Scots pine, all pit membranes observed showed a positive reaction for lignin with differences in staining intensity. Ray pit membranes showed strongest reaction with lignin staining in both species. Intensity of lignin staining in bordered pit membranes was stronger in Norway spruce than in Scots pine. With localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharide epitopes, Scots pine showed differences in cross-field pit membranes (rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), HG and xyloglucan epitopes) from bordered and ray pit membranes (RG-I and HG epitopes). In contrast, Norway spruce showed significant differences in ray pit membranes (RG-I, HG, xyloglucan, xylan and mannan epitopes) from bordered and cross-field pit membranes (HG and no/trace amount of RG-I epitopes). Distributional differences in HG epitopes depending on antibody type/ membrane regions were also observed in cross-field pit membranes between the two species. Together, the results suggest that distribution patterns of lignin and non-cellulosic polysaccharides in pit membranes differ significantly between pit types and between Scots pine and Norway spruce. Compared with the same types of pit membranes in hardwoods, the results for Scots pine and Norway spruce (softwoods) differed significantly.

scholarly journals The Features of Growth of the Primary Root System of Triticum durum Desf. Varieties of the Saratov Breeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Eduard G. Hachaturov ◽  
◽  
Valeria V. Korobko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root System ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf

The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Cultivation was carried out in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 18 ± 1°C under the conditions of a sixteen-hour photoperiod. To study the growth characteristics of the root system of seedlings, the length of the main root and the length of the adventitious roots of the upper and lower tiers were measured; thus, the growth rate of the root system was determined. The cultivars, the seedlings of which are characterized by the longest root system, have been identified – Luch 25, Saratovskaya 59 and Saratovskaya zolotistaya. The varietal characteristics of the growth of the main embryonic root were revealed, the growth rate of which significantly varies among the objects of study. The length of the adventitious roots of the lower layer in plants of the studied varieties ranged from 208 mm (Elizavetinskaya) to 278 mm (Saratovskaya 57 and Annushka); the upper layer – from 105 mm (Nikolasha) to 216 mm (Luch 25). The root-to-shoot ratio was calculated. In 5-day-old seedlings of the studied varieties, this varies from 0,92 to 1,89 rel. units; the degree of variation of the trait is average. In 12-day-old seedlings, the root supply index decreases, amounting to 0,42–1,29 relative units; the degree of variation of the trait is significant (with the exception of variety Luch 25).

HISTOLOGY OF ANOMALOUS GROWTH AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ASSOCIATED WITH MAINSTEM GIRDLING BY THREECORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER, SPISSISTILUS FESTINUS (SAY) (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) ON SOYBEAN1

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Johnson ◽  
A. J. Mueller ◽  
W. M. Harris ◽  
K. S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Spissistilus Festinus ◽  
Anomalous Growth

Cell and tissue structure of undamaged soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, stems were compared with those from the swollen area immediately above (< 1 cm) threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), girdles. Examination of epoxy - resin embedded transverse sections from the swollen stems revealed growth that differed significantly from the normal dicot structure. The anomalous growth consisted of vascular bundles scattered in the secondary phloem surrounded by parenchyma cells. Examination of Paraplast® embedded transverse and longitudinal sections of adventitious root - like growths arising from or above the swollen hypocotyl area revealed normal root structure.

Pathological anatomy of the Dutch elm disease. Distribution and development of Ceratocystis ulmi in elm tissues

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2043-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Pomerleau
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Millipore Filter ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Host Tissues

Extensive histological studies carried out, during 3 years, on more than 200 white elms (Ulmus americana L.), young and old, artificially or naturally inoculated with Ceratocystis ulmi (Buis.) C. Moreau, add more precision on the spread and location of the fungus in host tissues and the site of the pathogenesis. With new and improved techniques, characteristic spores and hyphae of the pathogen were clearly observed in vessels and never in other tissues and were sharply differentiated from cell contents and artifacts. Double bordered pits or the thin primary wall between secondary thickenings is the only means of passage of the fungus from one vessel to another. All fungus elements in culture and in tree are 1.0 μ or more in diameter, and no living structure of this species passed through a millipore filter of 1.2 μ. Hyphae and spores, observed in fibers and parenchyma cells in dead wood or close to a dead area of the stem, were attributed to other fungi.Clusters of spores and hyphae, frequently found in vessels of all types and sizes, do not alone explain leaf wilting.

Étapes initiales du développement in situ de Claytonia caroliniana var. caroliniana

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-730
Author(s):  
Miroslav M. Grandtner ◽  
Camille Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Juvenile Development ◽  
Secondary Roots

The early development of Claytonia caroliniana was studied in situ from seeds sown in wirenetting boxes buried in a maple stand near Quebec City. Seed germination begins in late October, more than 4 months after dissemination, reaches a level of about 50% at the end of December, and resumes in springtime. In April–May, one or two secondary roots appear on the most developed seedlings while the single cotyledon (C. caroliniana is a monocotyledonate dicot) shows up above the litter. Concurrently, the corm begins its development at the base of the primary root. A few days later, when the cotyledonary structure disappears, the corm enlarges slightly, new roots begin to form, and an apical bud is activated to initiate the first leaf. The first leaf can reach a length of 4 cm before the winter and will survive under the litter. In April of the following season, 2 years after the beginning of the cycle, the first leaf emerges from the litter, the corm diameter reaching no more than 2–3 mm at this time. The critical stage for the survival of the seedling comes at the beginning of its first summer, as it must produce a corm able to initiate a leaf. This is probably related to the precocity of seed germination. The early phenology of C. caroliniana as a whole resembles that of its adult stages. It differs slightly, however, from the development of C. virginica. Key words: Claytonia caroliniana, seed, germination, seedling, juvenile development.

WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽  
Cátia H. Callado ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽  
Cecilia G. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Square Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

Characterization of the pits in parenchyma cells of the moso bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz.] culm

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caiping Lian ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Cheng Xiufang ◽  
Shuqing Zhang ◽  
Junji Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Vascular Parenchyma ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract The pits on parenchyma cell walls facilitate transfer of liquids between adjacent cells in the bamboo. To better understand the structure-function relationship of the pits, the structural characteristics of the pits in bamboo parenchyma cells need to be investigated. In this study, the pit structures were studied by field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples included the native structure and the replica structure via resin castings. The results showed that the parenchyma cells possessed various shapes and the pits were diverse. Parenchyma cells exposed both simple and bordered pits. Pitting between vascular parenchyma cells (VPCs) was similar to that of the metaxylem vessel. In particular, a branched pit structure was found for the first time in the parenchyma cell.

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