Nodule and Plant Development in Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.: Symbiotic Response to Phosphorus and Sulphur

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
CT Gates
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effect of phosphorus and sulphur on the initiation and subsequent course of development of effective nodulation was determined for young seedlings of Stylosanthes humilis over the period days 1 1 to 26 from sowing. The plants were inoculated with an effective strain of Rhizobium and grown under controlled conditions in a small amount of nitrogen-deficient soil. Phosphorus had a beneficial effect on the initiation of nodules, which were first detected at day 11 in high-phosphorus plants, but not until day 14 in low. Thereafter, nodule development was greatly enhanced by phosphorus, nodule numbers, volumes and dry weights being increased. Nodule relative growth rates were stimulated from 0 . 3 g/g/day at low phosphorus levels to 0 . 7 g/g/day at high phosphorus levels over days 23-26. The nodules became pink earlier, and developed more rapidly as nitrogen-rich organs, in response to phosphorus. This suggested that from the earliest stages, phosphorus not only promoted the development of an increased mass of nodular tissue but also favoured an effective symbiosis. This enhanced nodule development led to greatly stimulated growth, with increasing amounts of total nitrogen and phosphorus in high-phosphorus plants. The assimilation of nitrogen by the whole plant was increased from 17 mg/g nodule dry weightlday at low to 53 mg/g/day with high phosphorus over days 23-26. Sulphur caused an increase in dry weight, but the response to sulphur mainly occurred late in development and was smaller than the response to phosphorus in the young seedlings of this trial.

scholarly journals (48) Substrate Media and Fertilizer Source Affect Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Leachate from Container-grown Shasta Daisy

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055B-1055
Author(s):  
Gladis Zinati
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Recommended Level ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Plugs of Leucanthemum × superbum `Becky' (Chrysanthemum `Becky', shasta daisy) were grown in #2 containers using pine bark–peat–sand or vermiculite–peat–sand (40:40:20 by volume). Containers were top dressed with either Osmocote Plus 15N–3.9P–9.9K (15–9–12) or Nutricote Plus (18N–2.6P–6.6K (18–6–8) at five rates (0, 0.5×, 1.0×, 1.5×, and 2.0×) to supply 3.9 g N per container at the recommended level (1.0×). Plants were irrigated twice a week using a cyclic irrigation regime consisting of two irrigation applications. Leachates from these containers were collected and evaluated for nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations. Irrespective of the substrate media, Osmocote Plus exhibited a higher rate of nitrogen release at the beginning of the season than Nutricote Plus. Nitrate nitrogen concentration was at least 2.5 times higher in leachates collected from media amended with Osmocote Plus than those with Nutricote Plus. Higher levels of nitrate were found in leachates collected from vermiculite-based media when compared to those from bark-based ones. Phosphate levels in leachates increased as rate of fertilizer increased and were higher in vermiculite-based media than those collected from bark-based media. Plants fertilized with Osmocote Plus were 1.7-fold greater in dry weight than plants fertilized with Nutricote Plus and were 1.2 times greater in vermiculite-based media than those in bark-based media.

A comparison of growth rates and phosphorus distribution in a range of pasture species

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
PG Ozanne ◽  
NJ Barrow ◽  
J Keay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Relative growth rates (RGR) of nine annual pasture species and lucerne were compared in two experiments. During the first 4 weeks of growth the RGR of the clovers tended to be slower than that of the herbs and grasses, especially at low levels of applied phosphate. This situation was reversed towards maturity. Slow RGR of the tops of the clovers at low phosphorus levels was associated with the development of large root systems relative to tops; but at least in subterranean clover, the RGR of the roots was also slow. Other associated characteristics of the clovers, a month from emergence and at low phosphorus levels, were low phosphorus concentrations in the tops relative to non-legumes, and a low proportion of their total phosphorus in the tops. The phosphorus content per unit weight of clover roots was low under these conditions. Differences between species in early growth rate were maintained on different sods, even though the soil solution contained widely different concentrations of phosphate. Establishment of species In the field, particularly during the seedling stage, is discussed in relation to growth rates at low and optimal levels of phosphorus.

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of wheat following subterranean clover pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Osborne ◽  
GD Batten ◽  
GD Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizer on wheat yield, grain nitrogen and phosphorus levels, total soil nitrogen and available soil phosphorus were studied over a 6-year period on plots which had received 718–3343 kg superphosphate ha-1, during a preceding ley pasture-crop period. Wheat yields generally declined with time on all treatments, fertilizer nitrogen reducing the rate of decline. From 125 to 2.50 kg superphosphate ha-1 year-1 was required to maintain maximum wheat yields when nitrogen fertilizer was also applied, but only 125 kg was required in its absence. Grain nitrogen content varied from 1.47 to 2.11% and was not a good indicator of nitrogen fertilizer requirement. Nitrogen removal per crop varied from 27 to 41 kg ha-1 in the presence of added nitrogen and from 21 to 31 kg ha-1 without added nitrogen. Soil nitrogen levels declined at rates varying from 8 to 40 kg ha-1 year-1. Grain phosphorus levels varied from 0.21 to 0.44%. Phosphorus removal in the grain varied from 4 to 8 kg ha-1 per crop. Changes in available soil phosphorus on plots which had previously received 718, 1593, 2468 or 3343 kg superphosphate ha-1 were closely correlated with the rate of superphosphate applied with the crop (r = 0.97, 0.97, 0.93 and 0.80). The amount of superphosphate required to maintain soil phosphorus levels was calculated, and the following conclusions regarding superphosphate use in the pasture-crop rotation in southern New South Wales have been made. Where pastures are not topdressed, the amount of superphosphate needed with each crop varies with the number of years of cropping, the level of soil nitrogen, the number of years of untopdressed pasture relative to the years of crop, and the initial soil phosphorus level.

scholarly journals Ionomic and metabolic responses to drought stress in elite wheat seedlings under two phosphorus levels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Zhang Xiangchi ◽  
Li Chao ◽  
Wan Wen ◽  
Li Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Osmotic Balance ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Background Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the main food crop in the worldwide. Low soil phosphorus levels and drought conditions are important constraints for wheat production in most of the areas where wheat is grown. In this study, the analysis of mineral elements and metabolites were used to investigate the ionomic and metabolic responses to drought stress of wheat plants cultured by low phosphorus (LP) and conventional phosphorus (CP) supply, respectively. Results We found that the wheat plants subjected to LP treatment had denser roots, and the total root volume was significantly higher than that under the CP treatment. The roots cultured by two phosphorus levels underwent the process of programmed cell death under drought stress, however, the genomic DNA degradation level of the roots in LP was significantly weaker than that in CP after rehydration for 3d. The analysis of mineral elements and metabolites showed that CP treatment was more sensitive to drought stress, and drought stress had more influence on the shoots of CP treatment than the roots. While the effect of drought stress on LP treatment roots were greater than that on shoots. With the extension of drought stress, the effect on sugar metabolism was greater. Conclusions The wheat plants under LP treatment was more adaptive to drought stress than that in CP treatment, which probably is based on the presence of the comprehensive mobilization of sugar metabolism responsible for the regulation of osmotic balance, as well as the accumulation of various organic acids responsible for the maintenance of the intracellular ion homeostasis.

The release of phosphorus from plant material added to soil

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Blair ◽  
OW Boland
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
White Clover Plant

An experiment was conducted to study the release of 32P from white clover plant residues in the presence and absence of growing oats plants in both low and high phosphorus status soils. Net reutilization of phosphorus from the added plant material after 48 days was highest in the high phosphorus system in the presence of plants (29.3 %) and least in the low phosphorus system in the absence of plants (0.6%). Watering to field capacity daily, every 3 days, or every 6 days, had no significant effect on reutilization rates. Evidence from the soil inorganic phosphorus data suggests that the addition of plant material resulted in a significant immobilization of soil phosphorus only in the low phosphorus soil in the absence of plants. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the large number of incubation studies conducted to study phosphorus turnover rates in soil.

The development of cuttings of the Washington navel orange to the stage of fruit set. II. Drifts in nutrient composition

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1066
Author(s):  
CT Gates ◽  
D Bouma ◽  
H Groenewegen
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Low Phosphorus

Changes in nutrient content with time, especially of nitrogen and phosphorus content, are presented and are considered in relation to the results for dry weight reported previously. It was found that drifts in nitrogen and phosphorus with time were complementary to the pattern for dry weight noted earlier. The distribution of these nutrients to the developing plant followed a like rhythmic pattern of alternate distribution to shoot and root. There appeared to be no build up of nutrient to trigger off developing of new shoots, and at all times nutrient distribution was preferentially to younger developing parts. Low phosphorus supply caused a lowering of both relative and absolute contents of phosphorus and nitrogen in all plant parts. The pattern of development was not greatly altered in character by low phosphorus but was delayed. All vegetative parts responded similarly in control and low phosphorus plants, and the younger parts did not appear to dominate the older in development. In this regard, the pattern of growth seemed to differ from that of many annuals. The proportion of tissue potassium was lowered and that of calcium raised by ammonium as the source of nitrogen. A concomitant effect on phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism was noted.

scholarly journals The CLE53–SUNN genetic pathway negatively regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza root colonization in Medicago truncatula

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (16) ◽  
pp. 4972-4984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Karlo ◽  
Clarissa Boschiero ◽  
Katrine Gram Landerslev ◽  
Gonzalo Sancho Blanco ◽  
Jiangqi Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Peptide Modification ◽  
Cle Peptides ◽  
Autoregulation Of Nodulation ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) engage in mutually beneficial symbioses based on a reciprocal exchange of nutrients. The beneficial character of the symbiosis is maintained through a mechanism called autoregulation of mycorrhization (AOM). AOM includes root-to-shoot-to-root signaling; however, the molecular details of AOM are poorly understood. AOM shares many features of autoregulation of nodulation (AON) where several genes are known, including the receptor-like kinase SUPER NUMERIC NODULES (SUNN), root-to-shoot mobile CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) peptides, and the hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 (RDN1) required for post-translational peptide modification. In this work, CLE53 was identified to negatively regulate AMF symbiosis in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner. CLE53 expression was repressed at low phosphorus, while it was induced by AMF colonization and high phosphorus. CLE53 overexpression reduced AMF colonization in a SUNN- and RDN1 dependent manner, while cle53, rdn1, and sunn mutants were more colonized than the wild type. RNA-sequencing identified 700 genes with SUNN-dependent regulation in AMF-colonized plants, providing a resource for future identification of additional AOM genes. Disruption of AOM genes in crops potentially constitutes a novel route for improving AMF-derived phosphorus uptake in agricultural systems with high phosphorus levels.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE Swietenia macrophylla EM RESPOSTA A NITROGÊNIO, FÓSFORO E POTÁSSIO

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Franco Tucci ◽  
José Zilton Lopes Santos ◽  
Clauzio Heitor da Silva Júnior ◽  
Patrícia Aparecida de Souza ◽  
Iza Maria Paiva Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no crescimento de mudas de mogno. As plantas foram cultivadas num Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico argiloso com seis níveis de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 e 200 kg N ha-1), seis níveis de fósforo (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 e 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) e seis níveis de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg K ha-1), em condição de casa de vegetação. Aos 100 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram colhidas para determinar as características de crescimento: altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e a concentração de nutrientes presentes na parte aérea e raízes. O desenvolvimento das mudas de mogno é pouco influenciado pelo fornecimento de doses crescentes dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, indicando uma baixa exigência nutricional da espécie na fase inicial de crescimento. Entre os nutrientes avaliados, a espécie parece ligeiramente mais exigente quanto ao potássio em relação aos demais. No entanto, a demanda da planta já seria satisfeita com uma pequena adição do respectivo nutriente. A adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo não promove melhora na qualidade das mudas de mogno.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais; mogno; nutrição mineral; crescimento inicial. AbstractDevelopment of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings.Keywords: Forest species; mahogany; mineral nutrition; early growth.

A comparison of the phosphorus nutrition of Australian heath plants and introduced economic plants

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Specht ◽  
RH Groves
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Fractionation ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Dry weight and phosphorus fractionation data are presented for seven species grown over a range of phosphorus levels from 0.Wi to 10.0 p.p.m. in 2 iitres of water culture. As the phosphorus level was established at the beginning of the experiment and not afterwards adjusted, the maximum available phosphorus for each species (six plants per pot) was within the range of 0.3 to 3000 μg, plus seed phosphorus, per plant. The species were representative of two groups: species indigenous to the heath formation (Eucalyptus baxteri, Casuarina pusilla, Acacia suaveolens, and Banksia ornata) and introduced economic species now being grown with fertilizer on the same soils (Pinus radiata, Avena sativa, and Trifolium subterraneum). Results showed that at least one of the economic species, T. subterraneum, was able to absorb phosphorus from nutrient solutions to the same extent as the native species. No difference in growth, as measured by total dry weight, was observed in any species in the nutrient cultures containing less than 30 μg P per plant. 300 μg P per plant produced extra growth in all species except P. radiata, which responded only at 3000 μg P per plant. Nutrient imbalance temporarily decreased growth in all cultures containing 3000 μg P per plant. An important factor in the growth of perennial heath species at low levels of substrate phosphorus is considered to be an increase in the percentage of orthophosphate in the plant at a time of the year when active growth is being made. Other factors, such as the low death-rate of leaves and an efficient means of redistribution of nutrients from senescing leaves, may also be important. The significance of these findings in relation to the growth of the indigenous species in the field is discussed. Species which possess all these characteristics have a decided advantage for survival in low phosphorus environments.

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Calcium Nutrition on Growth of Eucalypt Seedlings and on the Expression of Disease Associated With Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Halsall ◽  
RI Forrester ◽  
TE Moss
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

In glasshouse trials, seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata and E. pilularis, grown in sand and supplied with independently varied levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi. The response of the seedlings was evaluated 9 weeks after inoculation. Seedling growth (height, shoot and root dry weight) increased with increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supplied to the plant. Increased calcium levels produced an increase in shoot weight only when phosphorus levels were high. High levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus produced a synergistic increase in growth. Inoculation with P. cinnamomi caused a significant reduction in growth in both species of eucalypt. This reduction was maximal when there was a nutritional imbalance between nitrogen and phosphorus and minimal when nitrogen and phosphorus levels were balanced and the plants were growing vigorously. The pathogen was recovered most frequently from seedlings growing on low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that P. cinnarnomi is less successful in infection or survives in the root for a shorter period when nutritional conditions favour vigorous growth. The form in which nitrogen was supplied also affected seedling growth; maximum growth was obtained when the nitrate to ammonium nitrogen ratio was 7 : 3. The form of nitrogen supplied did not affect the response to inoculation with P. cinnamomi.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document