Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Calcium Nutrition on Growth of Eucalypt Seedlings and on the Expression of Disease Associated With Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Halsall ◽  
RI Forrester ◽  
TE Moss
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

In glasshouse trials, seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata and E. pilularis, grown in sand and supplied with independently varied levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi. The response of the seedlings was evaluated 9 weeks after inoculation. Seedling growth (height, shoot and root dry weight) increased with increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supplied to the plant. Increased calcium levels produced an increase in shoot weight only when phosphorus levels were high. High levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus produced a synergistic increase in growth. Inoculation with P. cinnamomi caused a significant reduction in growth in both species of eucalypt. This reduction was maximal when there was a nutritional imbalance between nitrogen and phosphorus and minimal when nitrogen and phosphorus levels were balanced and the plants were growing vigorously. The pathogen was recovered most frequently from seedlings growing on low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that P. cinnarnomi is less successful in infection or survives in the root for a shorter period when nutritional conditions favour vigorous growth. The form in which nitrogen was supplied also affected seedling growth; maximum growth was obtained when the nitrate to ammonium nitrogen ratio was 7 : 3. The form of nitrogen supplied did not affect the response to inoculation with P. cinnamomi.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE Swietenia macrophylla EM RESPOSTA A NITROGÊNIO, FÓSFORO E POTÁSSIO

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Franco Tucci ◽  
José Zilton Lopes Santos ◽  
Clauzio Heitor da Silva Júnior ◽  
Patrícia Aparecida de Souza ◽  
Iza Maria Paiva Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Swietenia Macrophylla ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no crescimento de mudas de mogno. As plantas foram cultivadas num Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico argiloso com seis níveis de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 e 200 kg N ha-1), seis níveis de fósforo (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 e 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) e seis níveis de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg K ha-1), em condição de casa de vegetação. Aos 100 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram colhidas para determinar as características de crescimento: altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e a concentração de nutrientes presentes na parte aérea e raízes. O desenvolvimento das mudas de mogno é pouco influenciado pelo fornecimento de doses crescentes dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, indicando uma baixa exigência nutricional da espécie na fase inicial de crescimento. Entre os nutrientes avaliados, a espécie parece ligeiramente mais exigente quanto ao potássio em relação aos demais. No entanto, a demanda da planta já seria satisfeita com uma pequena adição do respectivo nutriente. A adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo não promove melhora na qualidade das mudas de mogno.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais; mogno; nutrição mineral; crescimento inicial. AbstractDevelopment of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings.Keywords: Forest species; mahogany; mineral nutrition; early growth.

Major litterfall manipulation affects seedling growth and nutrient status in one of two species in a lowland forest in Panama

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea G. Vincent ◽  
Edmund V.J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract:Leaf litter is an important source of nutrients to tropical forest trees, but its importance for understorey seedling growth is not well understood. Seedlings of Licania platypus (n = 190) and Coussarea curvigemmia (n = 304) were transplanted into deeply shaded forest plots in Panama having received 2 y of litter addition or removal and 7 y of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined, and their growth and foliar nutrients measured after 13 and 6 mo respectively. Licania platypus growing in litter addition and removal plots had faster height growth and slower leaf growth respectively than in control plots; C. curvigemmia showed no significant effects apart from lower survival in litter addition plots. These effects may be driven by soil nutrients, as suggested by differences in foliar nitrogen and potassium (but not phosphorus) concentrations, and by a pot experiment in a shadehouse using Ochroma pyramidale seedlings, which showed higher leaf area in soils from litter-addition plots, although seedling dry weight was higher only in fertilized soils. Overall, these results show that for one of two species, understorey seedling growth was increased by 2 y of doubled litterfall, and thus that they were probably nutrient limited even in the relatively fertile soils of this semi-deciduous tropical forest.

scholarly journals (48) Substrate Media and Fertilizer Source Affect Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Leachate from Container-grown Shasta Daisy

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055B-1055
Author(s):  
Gladis Zinati
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Nitrogen Release ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Recommended Level ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Plugs of Leucanthemum × superbum `Becky' (Chrysanthemum `Becky', shasta daisy) were grown in #2 containers using pine bark–peat–sand or vermiculite–peat–sand (40:40:20 by volume). Containers were top dressed with either Osmocote Plus 15N–3.9P–9.9K (15–9–12) or Nutricote Plus (18N–2.6P–6.6K (18–6–8) at five rates (0, 0.5×, 1.0×, 1.5×, and 2.0×) to supply 3.9 g N per container at the recommended level (1.0×). Plants were irrigated twice a week using a cyclic irrigation regime consisting of two irrigation applications. Leachates from these containers were collected and evaluated for nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations. Irrespective of the substrate media, Osmocote Plus exhibited a higher rate of nitrogen release at the beginning of the season than Nutricote Plus. Nitrate nitrogen concentration was at least 2.5 times higher in leachates collected from media amended with Osmocote Plus than those with Nutricote Plus. Higher levels of nitrate were found in leachates collected from vermiculite-based media when compared to those from bark-based ones. Phosphate levels in leachates increased as rate of fertilizer increased and were higher in vermiculite-based media than those collected from bark-based media. Plants fertilized with Osmocote Plus were 1.7-fold greater in dry weight than plants fertilized with Nutricote Plus and were 1.2 times greater in vermiculite-based media than those in bark-based media.

scholarly journals Effects of Mycorrhizal Colonization on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leaching from Nursery Containers

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Corkidi ◽  
Donald J. Merhaut ◽  
Edith B. Allen ◽  
James Downer ◽  
Jeff Bohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
P Leaching ◽  
Encelia Californica ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Slow Growing

Our goal was to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from plants grown in nursery containers. We compared the growth response and the content of nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), and orthophosphate, in leachates collected from mycorrhizal (AM) and nonmycorrhizal (NonAM) plants of the fast-growing perennial, Encelia californica Nutt. (california sunflower), and the slow-growing woody shrub, Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Brewer & S. Watson (lemonade berry). Plants were grown for 8 weeks with no fertilizer or with 0.88 g (half rate) and 1.76 g (full rate) of 18N–2.6P–9.9K Osmocote (18-6-12, 6–7 month longevity at 26 °C, Osmocote® controlled-release fertilizer; Scotts Co., Marysville, OH). Mycorrhizal colonization increased the growth and nutrient uptake of E. californica and R. integrifolia but was more effective at decreasing nutrient leaching from containers with E. californica. Mycorrhizal colonization contributed to reduce the content of NO3, NH4, and orthophosphate by up to 65% in leachates from E. californica grown with half rate of Osmocote and up to 70% to 80% in those from plants grown in full rates of Osmocote. In contrast, only the leachates from AM plants of R. integrifolia grown without fertilizer had generally lower nutrient content than those from NonAM plants. Leachates collected from AM plants grown in half rates of Osmocote had less P but no less N, and there were mostly no significant differences in the leachate content of NO3, NH4, and orthophosphate from AM and NonAM plants of R. integrifolia grown in full rates of Osmocote. However, mycorrhizal colonization reduced the fertilizer requirement to achieve maximum growth in both species. AM plants of E. californica and R. integrifolia grown with half rates of Osmocote had greater dry weight than the NonAM ones grown in full rates of Osmocote. Our study shows that mycorrhizal colonization can reduce N and P leaching either by increasing nutrient uptake or by allowing the use of lower fertilizer rates.

EFFECT OF CONTAINER TYPE AND GROWING MEDIA ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH PARAMETERS AT NURSERY STAGE IN ALLEPO PINE IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AMERJEET SINGH ◽  
MOHIT HUSAIN ◽  
SYED ROUHULLAH ALI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Allepo Pine

The present investigation on Allepo pine indicated that container type exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters. Root trainer 300 cc (C3) raised seedlings exhibited maximum plant per cent (70.00), plant height (16.27 cm), collar diameter (1.90 mm), root dry weight (0.21 g), shoot dry weight (0.42 g), shoot root ratio (2.34) and total fresh biomass (1.37 g) per seedling variation in seedling growth parameters in different containers can be attributed to the size and type of the containers. The minimum values in all these parameters were observed in seedlings raised in polytubling of size 150 cc (C4). Besides other seedling growth parameters, the poly bag of different size raised seedlings have shown slightly lower values for plant height, collar diameter and total biomass. Among growing media, forest soil: sand: FYM: dalweed (1:2:3:3) resulted in significantly highest plant per cent (67.97), plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47) and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) in the seedlings under nursery condition. The study also reveal that growing medium exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters in Allepo pine. The data in Table 01 to 03 indicated significantly high germination (67.97%) and seedling growth parameters like plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47), and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) when seedlings were raised in growing medium of soil: sand: FYM: dalweed in the ratio of 1:2:3:3 (M3). The better growth of seedlings raised in potting mixture M3 may be attributed to the fact that more nitrogen from the FYM as a component of potting mixture having the better decomposition rate leading to the narrower C:N ratio. .

scholarly journals The Effects of Biopesticide and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae on the Nutrient Content of Binucleate Rhizoctonia-Induced Vanilla Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Haryuni Haryuni ◽  
Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap ◽  
Supartini ◽  
Achmadi Priyatmojo ◽  
Misri Gozan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Plant Nutrient Content ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) fungi are essential for the germination of vanilla seeds. Chemical control of the soil-borne pathogen might adversely affect BNR. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Nicotiana tabacum extract biopesticides and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vanillae (Fusarium) on vanilla plant nutrient content induced by BNR. Materials and Methods. The research design was completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was biopesticide (dosage of 0, 10, 20, and 30 ml/seedling), and the second factor was the application of Fusarium. Results. The increase in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of vanilla was affected by biopesticides and Fusarium inoculation. Fusarium inoculation has no significant effect on nitrogen and phosphorus levels but significantly affects potassium levels. The biopesticide dosage is significant for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The interaction of biopesticides with Fusarium inoculation did not significantly affect the parameters of nitrogen and phosphorus content, but significantly affected potassium content. Conclusion. The application of biopesticides and Fusarium inoculation after induction of BNR can increase nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of vanilla plants.

Nodule and Plant Development in Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.: Symbiotic Response to Phosphorus and Sulphur

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
CT Gates
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
High Phosphorus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effect of phosphorus and sulphur on the initiation and subsequent course of development of effective nodulation was determined for young seedlings of Stylosanthes humilis over the period days 1 1 to 26 from sowing. The plants were inoculated with an effective strain of Rhizobium and grown under controlled conditions in a small amount of nitrogen-deficient soil. Phosphorus had a beneficial effect on the initiation of nodules, which were first detected at day 11 in high-phosphorus plants, but not until day 14 in low. Thereafter, nodule development was greatly enhanced by phosphorus, nodule numbers, volumes and dry weights being increased. Nodule relative growth rates were stimulated from 0 . 3 g/g/day at low phosphorus levels to 0 . 7 g/g/day at high phosphorus levels over days 23-26. The nodules became pink earlier, and developed more rapidly as nitrogen-rich organs, in response to phosphorus. This suggested that from the earliest stages, phosphorus not only promoted the development of an increased mass of nodular tissue but also favoured an effective symbiosis. This enhanced nodule development led to greatly stimulated growth, with increasing amounts of total nitrogen and phosphorus in high-phosphorus plants. The assimilation of nitrogen by the whole plant was increased from 17 mg/g nodule dry weightlday at low to 53 mg/g/day with high phosphorus over days 23-26. Sulphur caused an increase in dry weight, but the response to sulphur mainly occurred late in development and was smaller than the response to phosphorus in the young seedlings of this trial.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Need for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur Preplant Nutrients for Plug Seedling Growth

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-533
Author(s):  
Jin-Sheng Huang ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Douglas A. Bailey ◽  
William C. Fonteno ◽  
Nancy C. Mingis
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement

Salinity guidelines for seed germination substrates call for low, difficult to attain levels. This study was conducted to determine the value of N, P, K, and S as preplant nutrients, with the anticipation that some could be eliminated to alleviate the high salinity problem in many substrates. Impatiens wallerana L. `Accent Rose' and Gomphrena globosa L. `Buddy' were tested in 288-cell plug trays containing a substrate of 3 sphagnum peat moss: 1 perlite (v/v) in two experiments. Seven preplant N, P, K, and S treatments, including none, all (each at 100 mg·L-1 of substrate), all minus one of each of the nutrients, and N at one additional rate of 50 mg·L-1, were tested. Postplant fertilization was applied to all treatments as 13 N-0.9P-10.8K at 50 mg·L-1 N beginning 1 week after sowing and was increased to 100 mg·L-1 N when the fourth true leaf appeared. The resultant seedlings were transplanted into 48-cell flats and grown into marketable stage for further evaluation. For maximum potential growth, N, P, K, and S were needed as preplant fertilizer. However, compact shoots, not maximum growth, are generally desired in commercial production. Thus, K and S can be omitted since their contribution to growth was only occasional and small. To further ensure a consistently desirable level of compactness, it was necessary to omit N or P or both in addition to K and S. Omission of N alone yielded the most desirable compact plant qualities, including suitable reduction in final seedling size. Omission of P alone yielded larger reductions in height and shoot dry weight of seedlings compared to N omission, and a delay of 2 to 4 days in flowering of bedding plants. Omission of the four nutrients, compared to -P, resulted in similar seedling growth reduction and bedding plant flower delay. Since N omission lowered the salt (electrical conductivity) level of substrate more than P omission and had no negative impact on subsequent bedding plant flowering compared to the other two treatments, N omission would be the more desirable of the three. However, N omission resulted in chlorotic seedlings, but these quickly turned green upon restoration of N. Omission of P or all four nutrients resulted in desirably deep green seedlings. Growth of gomphrena seedlings, a high-fertilizer requirement category of taxa, was suppressed when the preplant rate of N was 50 mg·L-1 compared to 100 mg·L-1, while growth of impatiens, a low-fertilizer requirement category of taxa, was essentially equivalent at these rates. Preplant additions of nutrients applied at 100 mg of nutrient element per liter of substrate lasted for the following numbers of days; NO3-N, 18-25 days; NH4-N, 12-20 days; K2O, 27 days; PO4-P, >35 days; and SO4-S, >35 days.

A laboratory culture system for pathological and physiological studies of rooted aquatic plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hoffmann ◽  
J. A. Colman ◽  
K. M. Kutchera ◽  
E. V. Nordheim ◽  
J. H. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

A biphasic system was designed for growing rooted Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., to avoid artificial characteristics of flask culture. Aquaria (21 L) containing undergravel filters, air-lift pumps, 50-W heaters, and Plexiglas lids were sterilized in 70% ethanol and assembled aseptically. Plant shoots were rooted separately in polypropylene cups containing 60 g of artificial sediment approximating natural marl. The sediment provided over 90% of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the plants after 22 days growth. Plants were immersed in a mineral-salts medium with levels of nitrogen and phosphorus comparable with lake concentrations. Aeration was at 0.15 L ∙ min−1 and ranges of temperature and light intensity were from 17 to 32 °C and 30 to 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1, respectively. The peak photosynthetic rate was 14 mg O2 ∙ g dry weight−1 ∙ h−1. The maximum specific growth rate, 0.14 mg ∙ mg−1 ∙ day−1, occurred at 27 °C and 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1 and lasted for about 3 weeks before light became limiting. Bacterial density, ammonium nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus exhibited rapid changes during the first 12 days of the growth period, after which fluctuations diminished. The between-aquaria variance in shoot growth rate was insignificant (P > 0.70). When inorganic carbon in the liquid medium and phosphorus in the sediment were lowered from 2.86 to 1.14 mmol C ∙ L−1 and from 0.7 to 0.2 mg P ∙ g dry weight−1, milfoil growth was reduced by 47 and 74%, respectively. Control of the physiochemical environment, small variability, and high reproducibility make this a sensitive system for discerning various treatment effects, including those of pathogens.

scholarly journals Gross chemical profile and calculation of nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for nine species of fishes from coastal waters of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-264
Author(s):  
Graciela S. Diniz ◽  
Elisabete Barbarino ◽  
João Oiano-Neto ◽  
Sidney Pacheco ◽  
Sergio O. Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The amino acid composition and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, lipid, carbohydrate and protein were determined in muscles of Dactylopterus volitans, Genypterus brasiliensis, Mullus argentinae, Paralichthys patagonicus, Percophis brasiliensis, Pinguipes brasilianus, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, Rhizoprionodon porosus, and Urophycis cirrata. The samples showed low carbohydrate content (<3.5% dry weight in all species) and were rich in protein (>66% dry weight in all species). The percentage of total lipid varied widely among species, and M. argentinae showed the highest concentrations (16%). The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus was high and similar among species, with overall average values of 13.3% and 1.2%, respectively. The amino acids composition was similar among the animals, with glutamic acid and lisine as the most abundant amino acid and histidine in low concentrations. Among species, the content of proteinaceous nitrogen was high, with an average of 96.8% of the total nitrogen. From data of total amino acid and total nitrogen, specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species. The nitrogen-toprotein conversion factors ranged from 5.39 to 5.98, with an overall average of 5.71. These findings showed that the traditional conversion factor of 6.25 overestimates the actual protein content and should be avoided.

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