scholarly journals Effect of Myiasis and Acute Restraint Stress on Plasma Levels of Immunoreactive , ß-Endorphin, Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and Cortisol in the Sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Shutt ◽  
AI Smith ◽  
CA Wallace ◽  
R Connell ◽  
LR Fell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Surgical Stress ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress ◽  
Cutaneous Myiasis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Cutaneous myiasis in sheep arising from the activity of Lucilia cuprina larvae can result in significant physiological changes in susceptible animals. The stress imposed on the pituitary-adrenal axis of the sheep in response to myiasis and acute restraint is the subject of this investigation. Merino wethers were exposed to handling restraint, and blood sampling, during examination for blowfly strike; where necessary, they were treated for cutaneous myiasis. Significant changes in the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive J3-endorphin (J3-EP), ACTH and cortisol were found in sheep with extensive myiasis, as compared with unstruck sheep or those with only localized myiasis. In five susceptible sheep with extensive cutaneous myiasis, mean plasma levels of J3-EP, ACTH and cortisol were 307 � 71 pg ml-1, 953 � 58 pg ml-1 and 232 � 46 nmoll-1 respectively, compared with 818 � 89 pg ml-1, 641 � 41 pg ml-1 and 107 � 17 nmol I-I in six unstruck sheep handled similarly. Whereas significant increases in plasma ACTH and cortisol can result from pituitary-adrenal responses to acute emotional or surgical stress, and are usually accompanied by a concomitant release of J3-EP from the pituitary, the present findings indicate a marked reduction in J3-EP levels and a significant increase in ACTH and cortisol in sheep following blowfly strike and acute handling restraint. This result suggests that cutaneous myiasis in susceptible sheep can alter the pituitaryadrenal response to acute restraint stress, and this could occur either by an alteration of precursor processing in the pituitary or by the selective release of ACTH.

scholarly journals Regulation of Pituitary Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Binding Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels by Restraint Stress and Adrenalectomy**This work is supported by National Institutes of Health Grant DK-42730 (to A.F.S) and by a Young Investigator Award (to A.F.S.) from the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.

Endocrinology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 139 (11) ◽  
pp. 4435-4441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanna J. McClennen ◽  
Daniel N. Cortright ◽  
Audrey F. Seasholtz
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Acth Release

Abstract CRH is the primary hypothalamic regulator of the stress response in higher organisms, where it acts as the key mediator of ACTH release in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. The 37-kDa CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) is known to bind CRH and antagonize CRH-induced ACTH release in vitro. The expression of this protein in anterior pituitary corticotrophs suggests a role for CRH-BP in modulation of the stress response. To investigate the in vivo role of rat CRH-BP, the regulation of pituitary CRH-BP gene expression by acute restraint stress and/or adrenalectomy was examined using ribonuclease protection assays. After restraint stress, steady-state levels of CRH-BP transcripts increase two to three times over basal level and remain significantly higher than basal levels for 120 min after the start of restraint. Adrenalectomy decreases CRH-BP messenger RNA steady-state levels to 8% of control levels. These results demonstrate that pituitary CRH-BP messenger RNA levels are increased in response to acute restraint stress and that glucocorticoids play a significant role in this positive regulation. These data also suggest that increased CRH-BP levels, in response to stress, may modulate the endocrine stress response by providing an additional feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.

scholarly journals Differential actions of acute and chronic citalopram on the rodent hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute restraint stress

2005 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hesketh ◽  
D S Jessop ◽  
S Hogg ◽  
M S Harbuz
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress ◽  
Chronic Infusion ◽  
Basal Plasma

Serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can affect the basal activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. A single injection of citalopram has been shown to stimulate the HPA axis while repeated administration leads to attenuation of the corticosterone response to the SSRI. The purpose of this work was to investigate the rodent HPA axis response to restraint stress, following acute and chronic treatment with the SSRI citalopram. We have demonstrated that a single injection of citalopram is able to prolong acute restraint-induced increases in plasma levels of corticosterone and adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). This is possibly mediated by arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the parvocellular cells of the paraventricular nucleus (pPVN), as treatment with citalopram or restraint alone did not increase AVP mRNA in pPVN while the combination of treatments resulted in a significant increase in AVP mRNA in the pPVN. In contrast, the increase in corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the pPVN in response to acute restraint stress was not altered by citalopram. Oxytocin (OT) mRNA was also increased in the magnocellular PVN (mPVN) by the solo treatments of citalopram and restraint, and was not further enhanced by the dual treatment of restraint and citalopram. Chronic treatment with citalopram did not alter basal plasma levels of corticosterone or ACTH. However, the ACTH response to acute restraint was attenuated following chronic citalopram treatment. AVP mRNA in the pPVN was significantly elevated in response to chronic citalopram compared with saline controls suggesting an effect mediated through the AVP subset of pPVN neurones. The CRF mRNA response to acute restraint was not altered in rats treated chronically with citalopram. OT mRNA was not enhanced in the mPVN following chronic infusion of citalopram but was increased by acute restraint stress. We conclude from these data that both acute and chronic citalopram treatment has the potential to alter the rodent response to acute restraint stress. These effects appear to be regulated by the AVP-containing subset of CRF neurons in the pPVN and thus suggest that parvocellular AVP may have an important role in mediating the actions of SSRIs.

The Supraoptic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Modulates Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Behavioral Responses to Acute Restraint Stress in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Lopes-Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Albino Trindade Fortaleza ◽  
Cristiane Busnardo ◽  
América Augusto Scopinho ◽  
Melina Matthiesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Neuroendocrine Responses

Aims: Acute restraint stress (RS) has been reported to cause neuronal activation in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON). The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of SON on autonomic (mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR], and tail temperature), neuroendocrine (corticosterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin plasma levels), and behavioral responses to RS. Methods: Guide cannulas were implanted bilaterally in the SON of male Wistar rats for microinjection of the unspecific synaptic blocker cobalt chloride (CoCl2, 1 mM) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 100 nL). A catheter was introduced into the femoral artery for MAP and HR recording. Rats were subjected to RS, and it was studied the effect of microinjection of CoCl2 or vehicle into the SON on pressor and tachycardic responses, drop in tail temperature, plasma oxytocin, vasopressin, and corticosterone levels, and anxiogenic-like effect induced by RS. Results: SON pretreatment with CoCl2 reduced the RS-induced MAP and HR increase, without affecting the RS-evoked tail temperature decrease. Microinjection of CoCl2 into areas surrounding the SON did not affect RS-induced increase in MAP and HR, reinforcing the idea that SON influences RS-evoked cardiovascular responses. Also, SON pretreatment with CoCl2 reduced RS-induced increase in corticosterone and oxytocin, without affecting vasopressin plasma levels, suggesting its involvement in RS-induced neuroendocrine responses. Finally, the CoCl2 microinjection into SON inhibited the RS-caused delayed anxiogenic-like effect. Conclusion: The results indicate that SON is an important component of the neural pathway that controls autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses induced by RS.

scholarly journals Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-604
Author(s):  
A. I. Turner ◽  
E. T. A. Rivalland ◽  
I. J. Clarke ◽  
A. J. Tilbrook
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Abstract Sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in sheep appear to be dependent on the stressor encountered and occur irrespective of the presence of gonadal steroids. We tested the hypotheses that cortisol responses to exercise, endotoxin, wetting (experiment 1), and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress differ between gonadectomized male and female sheep. At weekly intervals (in experiment 1), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 6/group) to control conditions, to exercise stress, to iv injection of endotoxin, and to wetting stress. In a second experiment (experiment 2), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 5/group) to control conditions or to isolation/restraint stress. In both experiments, we measured plasma concentrations of cortisol before, during, and after stress at a frequency of at least 15 min with samples collected (from an indwelling jugular catheter) at a greater frequency around the time of the stressor. Cortisol responses to wetting (experiment 1) and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress were significantly higher in females compared with males but in response to exercise (experiment 1) and endotoxin (experiment 1) stress, there were no differences between the sexes. For some stressors, there are sex differences in sheep in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis that are independent of the presence of the sex steroids, but the existence of these sex differences and the direction of these sex differences differs, depending on the stressor imposed.

Pituitary-Adrenal Response to Static Exercise in Man

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Few ◽  
F. J. Imms ◽  
J. S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Static Exercise ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adrenal Response ◽  
The Subject

1. Changes in plasma concentrations of catecholamines and Cortisol were measured before and after static exercise performed by the subject pushing with both legs against a strain-gauge bar. No marked changes in plasma catecholamine were observed but plasma Cortisol increased after the subject pushed for 3 min at 50% of maximum force. 2. Holding a 20 kg weight for 5 min in one hand caused a rise in plasma Cortisol and in plasma ACTH but no changes in growth hormone were observed.

scholarly journals Effects of Acute Restraint Stress, Prolonged Captivity Stress and Transdermal Corticosterone Application on Immunocompetence and Plasma Levels of Corticosterone on the Cururu Toad (Rhinella icterica)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e0121005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania Regina de Assis ◽  
Stefanny Christie Monteiro Titon ◽  
Adriana Maria Giorgi Barsotti ◽  
Braz Titon Jr. ◽  
Fernando Ribeiro Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress

scholarly journals Stressor Specificity of Sex Differences in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Cortisol Responses to Exercise, Endotoxin, Wetting, and Isolation/Restraint Stress in Gonadectomized Male and Female Sheep

Endocrinology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (9) ◽  
pp. 4324-4331 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Turner ◽  
E. T. A. Rivalland ◽  
I. J. Clarke ◽  
A. J. Tilbrook
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Female Sheep ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Sex differences in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in sheep appear to be dependent on the stressor encountered and occur irrespective of the presence of gonadal steroids. We tested the hypotheses that cortisol responses to exercise, endotoxin, wetting (experiment 1), and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress differ between gonadectomized male and female sheep. At weekly intervals (in experiment 1), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 6/group) to control conditions, to exercise stress, to iv injection of endotoxin, and to wetting stress. In a second experiment (experiment 2), we subjected gonadectomized rams and ewes (n = 5/group) to control conditions or to isolation/restraint stress. In both experiments, we measured plasma concentrations of cortisol before, during, and after stress at a frequency of at least 15 min with samples collected (from an indwelling jugular catheter) at a greater frequency around the time of the stressor. Cortisol responses to wetting (experiment 1) and isolation/restraint (experiment 2) stress were significantly higher in females compared with males but in response to exercise (experiment 1) and endotoxin (experiment 1) stress, there were no differences between the sexes. For some stressors, there are sex differences in sheep in the stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis that are independent of the presence of the sex steroids, but the existence of these sex differences and the direction of these sex differences differs, depending on the stressor imposed.

scholarly journals Differential responses of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to acute restraint stress in Hatano high- and low-avoidance rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Asai ◽  
R Ohta ◽  
M Shirota ◽  
G Watanabe ◽  
K Taya
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Acute Restraint Stress ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Synthesis

The high- and low-avoidance animal (HAA and LAA respectively) strains of Hatano rats were originally selected and bred from Sprague-Dawley rats for their performance in the shuttle-box task. The present study focused on the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis of HAA and LAA rats in response to restraint stress. The restraint stress induced an elevation in plasma concentrations of ACTH, prolactin, corticosterone and progesterone. Peak levels of plasma ACTH during stress conditions were significantly higher in HAA rats than in LAA rats, while peak levels of prolactin were significantly lower in HAA rats than in LAA rats. Under stress conditions, ACTH and prolactin synthesis in the anterior pituitary glands was significantly higher in HAA rats compared with LAA rats. The peak plasma concentrations of corticosterone, during restraint stress, were significantly higher in LAA rats compared with HAA rats. These results indicate that the response of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to acute restraint stress is greater in HAA rats than in LAA rats, whereas the ACTH-induced adrenal response of corticosterone release is higher in LAA rats than in HAA rats. On the other hand, prolactin secretory activity is higher in LAA rats compared with HAA rats. These differences in endocrine responses to stress may be involved in the regulation of the avoidance responses in the shuttle-box task.

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