scholarly journals Activity of Enzymes in the Mucosal Tissues and Rinsings of the Reproductive Tract of the Naturally Cyclic Ewe

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
BE Murdoch ◽  
T O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Cervical Mucosa

The activity of several enzymes has been measured in the oviducal mucosa, endometrium, caruncles, cervical mucosa and vaginal mucosa as well as in uterine, cervical and oviducal rinsings of ewes at days 0 (oestrus), 1, 8 and 15 of the oestrous cycle.

scholarly journals Activity of Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism in the Reproductive Tract of the Ewe at Mating and during Early Pregnancy

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
T O'Shea ◽  
BE Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

The glycogen concentration and the activity of several enzymes of glycogen metabolism have been measured in the mucosal tissues of the oviduct, cervix and vagina, as well as in the endometrium and caruncIes of ewes at days 0, 8, 15, 22, 30 and 44 of pregnancy. Enzyme activities were also determined in uterine and cervical rinsings.

scholarly journals a-Glucosidase Activity in the Reproductive Tract of the Ewe

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
T O'Shea ◽  
BE Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Sharp Peak ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Cervical Mucosa

a-Glucosidase-activity has been estimated in the tissues and rinsings of the reproductive tract of the ewe. There were peaks of activity in the oviducal mucosa at pH 4�0 and 5�7. In the endometrium, caruncles and cervical mucosa the pH optimum occurred from pH 4�0 to pH 5�7. A sharp peak in the activity in the vaginal mucosa occurred at pH 5 �7.

scholarly journals Mucosal Immunity in HIV/SIV Infection: T Cells, B Cells and Beyond

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Shacklett
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
New Information ◽  
Innate Lymphocytes ◽  
Hiv 1

As our understanding of mucosal immunity increases, it is becoming clear that the host response to HIV-1 is more complex and nuanced than originally believed. The mucosal landscape is populated with a variety of specialized cell types whose functions include combating infectious agents while preserving commensal microbiota, maintaining barrier integrity, and ensuring immune homeostasis. Advances in multiparameter flow cytometry, gene expression analysis and bioinformatics have allowed more detailed characterization of these cell types and their roles in host defense than was previously possible. This review provides an overview of existing literature on immunity to HIV-1 and SIVmac in mucosal tissues of the female reproductive tract and the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on major effector cell populations and briefly summarizing new information on tissue-resident memory T cells, Treg, Th17, Th22 and innate lymphocytes (ILC), subsets that have been studied primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosa.

109 EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY IN EQUINE ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE AND EARLY PREGNANCY

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hitit ◽  
A. Guzeloglu ◽  
C. Ozel ◽  
M. O. Atli ◽  
E. Kurar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Relative Mrna Expression ◽  
One Way Anova

A set of genes that display differential expression levels in the reproductive tract could serve as beneficial markers of endometrial receptivity. SERPINA14 is present in the uterus during pregnancy and suppresses lymphocyte accumulation. Osteopontin is the ligand of integrin β3 and enables trophoblast communication during implantation. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is involved in inflammatory cell signalling and contributes to implantation by regulating immune cells. The objective was to assess the expression of SERPINA14, osteopontin, and LIF mRNAs in the equine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Biopsies were obtained from mares on day of ovulation (d 0, n = 4), late diestrus (LD, n = 4, high progesterone [P4]), and after luteolysis at the beginning of oestrus phase (AL, n = 4, <1 ng mL–1 P4) of the cycle. Biopsies were also taken on days 14 (P14, n = 4), 18 (P18, n = 4), and 22 (P22; n = 4) of pregnancy. Relative mRNA expression levels of genes were quantified using real-time quantitative RT-qPCR in duplicate. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, and l.s.d. test was applied. Both the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy increased SERPINA14 mRNA levels compared to d0. Expression of LIF mRNA was not significantly regulated except for a decline at AL. Expression of osteopontin mRNA was up-regulated during the oestrous cycle at LD while early pregnancy inhibited this up-regulation. The results suggest that the genes studied related to endometrial receptivity are strictly regulated accordingly to the stage of oestrous cycle, probably by circulating ovarian steroids, specifically progesterone, and pregnancy-associated factors are also involved in this regulation. This project was partially funded by TUBITAK 107O035 to AG and DUBAP 14VF12 to MOA. MH was supported by OYP 2013-090.

scholarly journals Role of Antisperm Antibodies in Infertility, Pregnancy, and Potential forContraceptive and Antifertility Vaccine Designs: Research Progress and Pioneering Vision

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ◽  
Dhama ◽  
Chakraborty ◽  
Samad ◽  
Latheef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Obstructive Azoospermia ◽  
Antisperm Antibodies ◽  
Contraceptive Vaccines ◽  
Sperm Antigens ◽  
And Gender

Sperm of humans, non-human primates, and other mammalian subjects is considered to be antigenic. The effect of changes in autoimmunity on reproductive cells such as spermatozoa and oocytes play a critical but indistinct role in fertility. Antisperm antibodies (ASAs) are invariably present in both females and males. However, the degree of ASA occurrence may vary according to individual and gender. Although the extent of infertility due to ASAs alone is yet to be determined, it has been found in almost 9–12% of patients who are infertile due to different causes. Postcoital presence of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of women is not a contributory factor in ASA generation. However, ASA generation may be induced by trauma to the vaginal mucosa, or by anal or oral sex resulting in the deposition of sperm inside the digestive tract. It is strongly believed that, in humans and other species, at least some antibodies may bind to sperm antigens, causing infertility. This form of infertility is termed as immunological infertility, which may be accompanied by impairment of fertility, even in individuals with normozoospermia. Researchers target ASAs for two major reasons: (i) to elucidate the association between ASAs and infertility, the reason ASAs causes infertility, and the mechanism underlying ASA-mediated infertility; and (ii) to assess the potential of ASAs as a contraceptive in humans in case ASAs influences infertility. Therefore, this review explores the potential application of ASAs in the development of anti-spermatozoa vaccines for contraceptive purposes. The usefulness of ASAs for diagnosing obstructive azoospermia, salpingitis, and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia has been reviewed extensively. Important patents pertaining to potential candidates for spermatozoa-derived vaccines that may be utilized as contraceptives are discussed in depth. Antifertility vaccines, as well as treatments for ASA-related infertility, are also highlighted. This review will address many unresolved issues regarding mechanisms involving ASAs in the diagnosis, as well as prognoses, of male infertility. More documented scientific reports are cited to support the mechanisms underlying the potential role of ASA in infertility. The usefulness of sperm antigens or ASAs (recombinant) in human and wild or captive animal contraceptive vaccines has been revealed through research but is yet to be validated via clinical testing.

Reproduction and post-natal development in the marsupial Bettongia lesueur (Quoy & Gaimard)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Tyndale-Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Modal Length ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Constant Period

The female reproductive tract is described and compared with that of other Macropodidae. It is shown that the characters considered to be diagnostic of the Potoroinae are more variable than hitherto supposed and occur also in the Macropodinae. For the greater part of the oestrous cycle the lateral vaginae are probably occluded and the pseudovaginal canal closes within a day of parturition, so that the contents of the vaginal smear are derived mainly from the posterior vaginal sinus. B. lesueur is polyoestrous and monovular. The oestrous cycle has a modal length of 23 days and gestation modal length of 21 days, post-partum oestrus following about 1 day later. The reproductive cycle is delayed during lactation and embryonic diapause occurs. The young leaves the pouch at 115 days and the delayed embryo is born a few days later. Experimental removal of the pouch young results in resumption of development and birth 20 days after removal. The young weighs 0.317 g at birth and it reaches an adult weight at about 280 days, when sexual maturity is attained. Animals less than 1 yr old can be distinguished by the presence of the sectorial premolar 3 in the upper jaw, which is shed at 1 yr. The full adult dentition is attained by 18 months. In close confinement females bred regularly from February to September but about 70% spontaneously lost their young by the age of 3 weeks. In large pens young were carried through lactation to independence. Reproduction in Bettongia is compared to that of Potorous, a closely related rat-kangaroo, and a general hypothesis is developed to reconcile several disparate observations of marsupial reproduction. It is postulated that most marsupials have a period of obligatory diapause interposed in the development of the embryo, and this is followed by a short and relatively constant period of embryogenesis. The diapause may be short, as in Perameles, or long as in Potorous, and, in the special conditions of the Macropodidae may be greatly extended during lactation. This latter phenomenon may be secondarily advantageous to the species ecologically but it is emphasized that its primary adaptive significance is likely to be found in the need to synchronize embryonic and uterine development for intra-uterine nourishment of the embryo.

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