scholarly journals The Effect of Auxins on the Binding of Pectin Methylesterase to Cell Walls

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou ◽  
Sue D Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Further studies on the binding of pectin methylesterase (PME) to cell wall preparations are described. The PME of extracts of wall preparations from artichoke tubers was separated into three fractions, A, B, and O. Two similar fractions (A and 0) were obtained from tobacco pith wall preparations. The amount of fraction A type PME which could be adsorbed to wall preparations was increased by the addition of 2,4.dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4.D), but not by calcium ions. Neither 2,4.D nor calcium increased the adsorption of fraction B, but calcium and not 2,4�D increased the amount of fraction 0 adsorbed to the wall preparations.

scholarly journals The Effect of Auxins on the Binding of Pectin Methylesterase to Cell Wall Preparations

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

It is shown that the plant auxins 3�indolylacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and a�naphthalene acetic acid are effective in binding pectin methylesterase (PME) to cell wall preparations from tobacco pith and tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke.

scholarly journals Post-Synthetic Reduction of Pectin Methylesterification Causes Morphological Abnormalities and Alterations to Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1558
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Reem ◽  
Lauran Chambers ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Siti Farah Abdullah ◽  
Yintong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Dwarf Phenotype ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Defense Response Genes

Pectin is a critical component of the plant cell wall, supporting wall biomechanics and contributing to cell wall signaling in response to stress. The plant cell carefully regulates pectin methylesterification with endogenous pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and their inhibitors (PMEIs) to promote growth and protect against pathogens. We expressed Aspergillus nidulans pectin methylesterase (AnPME) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants to determine the impacts of methylesterification status on pectin function. Plants expressing AnPME had a roughly 50% reduction in methylester content compared with control plants. AnPME plants displayed a severe dwarf phenotype, including small, bushy rosettes and shorter roots. This phenotype was caused by a reduction in cell elongation. Cell wall composition was altered in AnPME plants, with significantly more arabinose and significantly less galacturonic acid, suggesting that plants actively monitor and compensate for altered pectin content. Cell walls of AnPME plants were more readily degraded by polygalacturonase (PG) alone but were less susceptible to treatment with a mixture of PG and PME. AnPME plants were insensitive to osmotic stress, and their susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea was comparable to wild type plants despite their compromised cell walls. This is likely due to upregulated expression of defense response genes observed in AnPME plants. These results demonstrate the importance of pectin in both normal growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Isolation and cultivation of protoplasts from morphogenetic callus cultures of Lilium

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Simmonds ◽  
Daina H. Simmonds ◽  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Sodium Fluorescein ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Protoplasts isolated from Lilium callus which was maintained on media containing 2% sucrose contained large deposits of starch granules and lysed during isolation and washing procedures. Stable protoplast preparations could be obtained from callus which had been subcultured on sucrose-free medium for 3 weeks. Maximum protoplast yield (1.5 × 106 per gram fresh weight) was obtained when KCl (0.3 M) was the osmotic stabilizer. Inclusion of CaCl2 (25 mM) and MgSO4 (25 mM) in the isolation and wash media decreased protoplast lysis. Viability of protoplasts isolated in the high salts medium was determined by their ability to accumulate sodium fluorescein in the cytoplasm. No cell-wall formation occurred when salts were used as the osmoticum in various culture media. Continuous light (5000 lx) was inhibitory to protoplast survival. When protoplasts were transferred, via a series of wash solutions, to culture media using sugars as the osmoticum and cultured in darkness, cell-wall formation was detected after 3 days and cell divisions after 21 days. Zeatin (10−6 M), was needed for cell-wall formation. Cell division was stimulated by a combination of zeatin (10−6 M), naphthaleneacetic acid (10−5 M), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10−7 M) in the basic nutrient medium.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Role of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEIs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wormit ◽  
Björn Usadel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Dynamic Structures

Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic structures that play important roles in growth and development, as well as in response to stresses. Pectin is a major polysaccharide of cell walls rich in galacturonic acid (GalA). Homogalacturonan (HG) is considered the most abundant pectic polymer in plant cell walls and is partially methylesterified at the C6 atom of galacturonic acid. Its degree (and pattern) of methylation (DM) has been shown to affect biomechanical properties of the cell wall by making pectin susceptible for enzymatic de-polymerization and enabling gel formation. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the removal of methyl-groups from the HG backbone and their activity is modulated by a family of proteinaceous inhibitors known as pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). As such, the interplay between PME and PMEI can be considered as a determinant of cell adhesion, cell wall porosity and elasticity, as well as a source of signaling molecules released upon cell wall stress. This review aims to highlight recent updates in our understanding of the PMEI gene family, their regulation and structure, interaction with PMEs, as well as their function in response to stress and during development.

Partial Cell Wall Lysis and the Resumption of Meristematic Activity in Fraxinus Excelsior Cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Funada ◽  
Anne-Marie Catesson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Cell Wall Lysis ◽  
Meristematic Activity

Cytochemical changes in cambia! cell walls were studied during the transition from rest to mitotic activity in spring. A partial autolysis occurred in the radial walls especially at cell junctions. The lysis was closely associated with a localised decrease in the level of calcium ions bound to the cell walls.

Nature des liaisons de l'ion calcium dans la paroi de Nitella flexilis

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1439-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wuytack ◽  
C. Gillet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
Spectrophotometric Titrations ◽  
Nitella Flexilis

Spectrophotometric titrations and conductivity measurements show that Nitella cell walls contain nonexchangeable Ca2+ cations which are probably chelated by COO− anions and donor groups such as OH (from polysaccharides) or NH (from proteins).A large part of these calcium ions are removed by acidification of the external medium. Subsequent augmentation of COO− groups increases the number of exchange sites available for H+ and K+ ions. The variation of the carboxylic groups concentration (α) is thus not fully accounted for by the pK of polygalacturonic acids but is also related to changes within the constitutive calcium of the cell wall.

Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides inhibition of elongation growth is in pea epicotyls coupled with peroxidase activity

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kollárová ◽  
Ľudmila Slováková ◽  
Edita Kollerová ◽  
Desana Lišková
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Elongation Growth ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Galactoglucomannan Oligosaccharides ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractThe effect of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides — GGMOs, GGMOs-r (GGMOs with reduced reducing ends), and GGMOs-g (GGMOs with reduced number of d-galactose units) on peroxidase activity was determined in pea epicotyls. GGMOs didn’t significantly modify the activity of soluble peroxidases. However, cell wall-associated peroxidases activity increased after GGMOs and GGMOs-r treatment, while in the presence of GGMOs-g this activity was significantly lower. These results are inversely related to the GGMOs, GGMOs-r, and GGMOs-g effect on elongation growth induced by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in pea epicotyls. It can be concluded that GGMOs evoked inhibition of the elongation growth induced by auxin is probably associated with cell wall modifications catalysed by peroxidase.

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