Rumen physiology: the key to understanding the conversion of plants into animal products

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Market Requirements ◽  
Increase Product Quality ◽  
Human Use ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
By Products

Ruminants have always provided meat, hides and fibre for human use, and since the development of agriculture with its associated domestication of herding ruminants, they have also provided milk and draught power. Sound interpretation of the observations of animal behaviour and performance made by the early hunters and stockmen was not possible until knowledge of physiology began to accumulate in the 18th and 19th centuries. The development of new methods about 50 years ago led to the modern era of ruminant physiology, a flowering of research which has continued to the present day. Rumen physiology is intrinsically interesting but it also has utility because it is fundamental to the understanding of ruminant nutrition. Research must continue, particularly in the areas of microbial ecology and particle kinetics, if the ruminant industries are to respond adequately to the need to produce more food for humans from non-arable land and by-products, to increase product quality, to tailor products to market requirements and, in doing so, reduce their environmental impact

scholarly journals Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (113) ◽  
pp. 20150891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schader ◽  
Adrian Muller ◽  
Nadia El-Hage Scialabba ◽  
Judith Hecht ◽  
Anne Isensee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
By Products

Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption.

Extended conjugate gradient squared and conjugate residual squared methods for solving the generalized coupled Sylvester tensor equations

2020 ◽  
pp. 014233122093238
Author(s):  
Eisa Khosravi Dehdezi ◽  
Saeed Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Methods ◽  
Conjugate Gradient ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Conjugate Gradient Squared ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Tensor Computations ◽  
Conjugate Residual

In this paper, two attractive iterative methods – conjugate gradient squared (CGS) and conjugate residual squared (CRS) – are extended to solve the generalized coupled Sylvester tensor equations [Formula: see text]. The proposed methods use tensor computations with no maricizations involved. Also, some properties of the new methods are presented. Finally, several numerical examples are given to compare the efficiency and performance of the proposed methods with some existing algorithms.

Manufacturing capabilities and performance improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Keyword(s):  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Competitive Capabilities ◽  
Market Requirements ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds his/her own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Aligning key competitive capabilities with market requirements offers organizations scope to improve productivity and overall performance. Any positive outcome can be further enhanced when appropriate focus is placed on capabilities that have the greatest relevance and potential impact within the firm’s specific operating environment. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Evaluation of a Computer Program Based on Neural Network Mathematical Models for Forecasting By- Product Yield

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Yelena Vasileva ◽  
Aleksandr Nevedrov ◽  
Sergey Subbotin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Production Values ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Crude Benzene ◽  
By Products

Process performance of coking plants are based on data on the yield of by-products of coking coal and their quality, therefore, much attention is paid to the issues of their analysis. In view of the complexity and insufficient knowledge of the relationship between these parameters, mathematical modeling of this dependence using neural networks is of great interest. Based on a mathematical analysis of experimental data on the quality indicators of coal, coal concentrates and the by-product yield, neural network mathematical models have been developed to forecast the parameters under study. The neural network is based on the Ward’s network. Based on the results of the research, the application “Intelligent Information System for Forecasting By-product Yield” was created, which implements neural networks [1]. The relative forecasting error for the parameter “coke” is 0.64±0.23%, “coal tar” is 19.53±5.25%, “crude benzene” is 10.02±2.83%, and “coke gas” is 5.11±1.34%. A comparative analysis of the data obtained using the developed design method is carried out, with the simulation results using existing methods, as well as with the production values of by-products yield.

SELENIUM CONTENT OF SOME FEED INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE IN CANADA

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ARTHUR
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
High Level ◽  
By Products ◽  
Prairie Province

The selenium content of Canadian grains, wheat by-products, plant and animal protein supplements and mineral supplements has been determined by chemical analyses. Grains of prairie province origin contained five to ten times as much Se as those of Ontario and Quebec. Corn, oat, barley and wheat grain from the latter central provinces had low and comparable levels of Se; western durum wheat had a high level. Plant products varied widely in their Se content, soybean meal being low (0.14 ppm), rapeseed and linseed meals high (ca. 1.00 ppm). Among animal products, milk by-products contained the least amounts (ca. 0.15 ppm) and fishery products the most (ca. 2.00 ppm). Meat and poultry products had intermediate amounts. Calcium phosphate (0.65 ppm) contained 15 times as much Se as calcium carbonate.

scholarly journals Some New Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Equations

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Noor ◽  
Khalida Inayat Noor ◽  
Eisa Al-Said ◽  
Muhammad Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Iterative Methods ◽  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
System Of Equations ◽  
Decomposition Technique ◽  
Methods Comparison ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
New Methods ◽  
And Performance

We suggest and analyze some new iterative methods for solving the nonlinear equationsf(x)=0using the decomposition technique coupled with the system of equations. We prove that new methods have convergence of fourth order. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and performance of the new methods. Comparison with other similar methods is given.

FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS IN THE CHEESE INDUSTRY. A REVIEW

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter V. Price
Keyword(s):  
Complete Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Public Marketing ◽  
Chain Stores ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cheese Industry ◽  
Process Cheese ◽  
By Products

Since 1920 the cheese industry has moved west and south in the United States. Milk production and procurement have changed from simple hand milking and wagon deliveries to machine milking of large herds and bulk handling of milk under supervision of industry and government agencies. Hand labor in factories has been reduced. Sanitary buildings and equipment, use of pasteurized milk, and selected cultures, starter concentrates, bacteriophage-inhibiting media, and improved enzymes have simplified biological control of the processes. Better warehouses and new methods of packaging provide better protection and merchandising. In the past 50 years the development of process cheese has opened new markets and inspired the development of highly sophisticated methods of packaging and merchandising natural cheese. Movements of cheese on the primary markets from factory to warehouse for curing, and then to dealers, processors, institutions, chain stores, marketing associations, special outlets, and mail order distributors are more orderly. Supervised grading, public marketing organizations, and availability of complete information on market movements, prices, and other market statistics are essentials provided for modern merchandising. The cheese industry still faces many problems involving production, net income control, utilization of by-products, development of new products, conservation of milk constituents, and methods of merchandising and marketing. Solution of these problems depends upon availability of and supporting facilities for men with training and skill to attack them. Continuing growth during the past 50 years clearly indicates that production of cheese and its related products and by-products is an expanding phase of the dairy industry.

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