Modeling poultry and maize sector interactions in Southern Africa under a changing climate

•This study explores how regional-level interactions of livestock and crop sectors influence the capacity of a southern Africa sub-region to meet its future demand for livestock-derived foods. •It uses a spatial equilibrium modeling framework to simulate regional trade in poultry and maize products in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zambia. •Model outputs on the demand, production, and trade of poultry products and maize are compared for a baseline and an alternative future scenario representing drought conditions.•The study’s abstraction of a regional approach to livestock and feed sector interactions in the selected region highlights the role of markets in addressing cross-boundary challenges related to food demand expansion and resource management.•Results imply that the study countries could benefit from addressing their growing demands for livestock-derived foods using a harmonized approach. Further, regional livestock markets may offer cushioning effects to the impacts of climate change in at least one of the countries.•However, improved quality data and an enhanced specification of the analytical model to better account for the nuances of livestock and feed trade in the region and for varied scenarios of future climate change will be needed, to extend the current study to practical policy application.

Application of Bacteriophages to Limit Campylobacter in Poultry Production

Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen with over a million United States cases a year and is typically acquired through the consumption of poultry products. The common occurrence of Campylobacter as a member of the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbial community remains a challenge for optimizing intervention strategies. Simultaneously, increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the development of several alternative control measures both at the farm and in processing operations. Bacteriophages administered to reduce foodborne pathogens are one of the alternatives that have received renewed interest. Campylobacter phages have been isolated from both conventionally and organically raised poultry. Isolated and cultivated Campylobacter bacteriophages have been used as an intervention in live birds to target colonized Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract. Application of Campylobacter phages to poultry carcasses has also been explored as a strategy to reduce Campylobacter levels during poultry processing. This review will focus on the biology and ecology of Campylobacter bacteriophages in poultry production followed by discussion on current and potential applications as an intervention strategy to reduce Campylobacter occurrence in poultry production.

POTENSI DAUN KATUK SEBAGAI PENURUN KADAR LEMAK PADA PRODUK UNGGAS MELALUI SKRINING FITOKIMIA

Katuk leaves are known as vegetables that are rich in nutrients in several regions in Indonesia. In addition, it has the potential as an herbal medicine that needs to be developed based on its chemical compound content. The groups of chemical compounds contained in plants can be analyzed using a phytochemical screening test. Phytochemical screening was carried out on katuk leaf extract samples obtained through the maceration method using methanol solvent which was then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Phytochemical screening test consisted of phenolic, tannin, flavonoid, saponin, triterpenoid, steroid, and alkaloid screening. Furthermore, the test results will be used as a basis for researchers in developing the potential of katuk leaves as herbs to reduce fat content in poultry product. The class of compounds, especially flavonoids, saponins, and tannins has a role in reducing fat accumulation. The test results showed that the positive katuk leaf extract contained moderate amounts of phenolic compounds, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and alkaloids. That is, katuk leaves have the potential as an herb that can reduce fat levels in poultry products.

Efficiency of using Artemia salina as part of a feed additive for chickens

Main problem: The development of the genetic potential of poultry, as well as the receipt of high-quality eggs for collection or further incubation, are possible only if rational and correct feeding of the broodstock and, more importantly, the young during its rearing period is observed. During this period, high-quality protein nutrition occupies an important place, which determines the level of productivity, stable growth, reproductive ability of the bird, as well as the state of health during the feeding period. Protein deficiency always remains an urgent problem for agricultural land, whose main activity is aimed at breeding dairy and meat animals. In this regard, research in the field of finding the use of non-traditional protein feed is of great need. If we summarize the modern achievements in the field of protein and aminoacid nutrition of poultry, we can find the most profitable way to obtain feed additives in industrial production. The studies, the results of which will be described in this article, are aimed at studying the possibility, experimental substantiation of the optimal dosage and the effectiveness of using the feed additive from crustaceans Artemia salina in the diets of chickens of the egg-meat direction of productivity [1]. Purpose: To study the possibility, experimental substantiation of the optimal dosage and the effectiveness of the use of the feed additive from crustaceans Artemia salina in the diet of chickens of the egg-meat direction of productivity. Methods: Analysis and generalization of theoretical information Results and their significance: This article presents the results of the analysis and generalization of theoretical material. The theoretical significance is determined by the fact that it is invested in scientific and practical problems related directly to solving urgent problems, increasing the efficiency, competitiveness and quality of domestic poultry products.

A new express method for determining the number of cycles of freezing and thawing poultry meat

Temperature fluctuations cause significant harm to the quality of poultry meat and its food safety, both at various stages of storage and transportation, as well as sales. Repeated repeated defrosting and freezing lead to a violation of the integrity of cells or protein denaturation, which is accompanied by a change in the ratio of the forms of moisture binding to the product. In this regard, there is an urgent task of establishing the facts of thawing and freezing of poultry meat, determining the number of cycles of repeated freezing. This article is devoted to the development of a new express method for determining the number of cycles of freezing – thawing of a broiler at the stages of the life cycle of poultry products. As the number of «freeze-defrost» cycles increases, the peak area of the differential scanning calorimetry curve (DSC) decreases from 206.4 to 192.6 kJ/mol with electric stunning and from 168.6 to 151.5 kJ/mol with gas stunning, the melting peak temperature also decreases from 5.7 to 5.2 oC with electric stunning and from 5.0 to 4.0 oC with gas stunning. The DSC temperature program and recommendations for its use for monitoring broiler processing and storage processes accompanied by phase transformations of water have been developed.

INCREASING THE ADDED VALUE OF BROILERS IN LHOKSEUMAWE CITY BY DEVELOPING SUPPLY CHAIN AND FOOD BALANCE MODELS

The purpose of this study was to determine the supply chain's path or flow pattern from the production source area to the consumer, as well as the parties involved, design a supply chain model, and build a food balance to determine whether there was a surplus or deficit of broiler meat in Lhokseumawe City. Furthermore, utilizing the Hayami technique, this study assesses the added value and profit for traders selling chicken meat. Documents, questionnaires, and interviews with retailers were used to collect data. The findings revealed that retailers controlled or monopolized the supply chain of broiler meat distribution, while producers were accomplices of several large corporations that controlled or monopolized the commodity of broiled chicken in Aceh Province. North Aceh Regency, Pidie Jaya Regency, and Pidie Regency are all sources of commodities coming from outside of Lhokseumawe City. To solve the problem of broiler meat supply, all competent parties, including the government, the commercial sector, relevant agencies/institutions, researchers, academics, scientists, and specialists, must work together to build a design model for the purebred broiler meat supply chain. Most actors cooperate and support one another to gain additional value and profit. Meanwhile, to make up for the losses, a few dealers sell other poultry products including free-range chicken and duck, as well as collect waste from the birds.

Prevalence of Newcastle Disease Virus in Pakistan, its present status and future challenges

Newcastle disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) leads to severe morbidity and mortality in poultry throughout the world and considered as lentogenic, mesogenic or velogenic based on the mean death of the chicken embryo. The NDV velogenic strain is deadly endemic in Pakistan. Poultry is considered as the second major industry in Pakistan having annual growth of 8-10%. Unfortunately, the increase of NDV cases leads to severe cost impact, loss of production and livelihood. This review highlights the current status and epidemiology of NDV in Pakistan. Various genotypes and sub-genotypes have been identified in Pakistan. Various ND cases have been reported in Pakistan which has very bad consequences on the economy and dealing of poultry products.

Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Poultry Sources in Korea

The Salmonella Enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of main serovars isolated from human patients with food poisoning and poultry without clinical signs. Consumption of poultry products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis is a common source of human salmonellosis; 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from 291 samples of retail chicken meat, 201 one-day-old chicks, 30 internal organs of chickens, 156 chicken eggs, 100 duck eggs, 38 straw bedding samples, 18 samples of retail duck meat, and 19 swab samples from slaughterhouses in 2019 and 2020. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for all isolates, revealing 33 multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The whole genome of 33 MDR strains isolated in 2019 and 2020 and 10 strains isolated in 2011, 2012, and 2017 was sequenced using the MinION sequencing protocol. Within these 43 samples, 5 serovars were identified: S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Virchow, S. Albany, and S. Bareilly. The most common serovar was S. Enteritidis (26/43), which showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (90%) and colistin (83%). Core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis showed that the S. Enteritidis strains isolated from different sources and in different years were clustered together. In addition, the S. Enteritidis strains isolated since 2011 consistently harbored the same antibiotic resistance patterns.

Anatomical cutting of gutted carcases of broiler chickens of the Smena-9 cross

The creation of a new cross “Smena-9” is aimed at reducing import dependence in the production of poultry products. In order to assess the meat raw material potential, morphological indicators of gutted carcasses of broiler chickens of the Smena-9 cross and individual parts were determined. The research used 5 carcasses of broilers from a batch of 38 days of age, weight, g: 1457.80; 1487.50; 1508.10; 1548.20; 1567.0. Separate parts – chest, thighs, drumsticks, legs and wings were anatomically divided into their components [muscles, skin, fat and bones with a residual lump]. The results of the experimental part of the research are reduced to average indicators: the average weight of a gutted carcass, individual parts and their components. It was found that the yield of the breast part is 36.0% [meat tissue 30.9%], the yield of the drumsticks – 29.9% [thighs – 16.45%, legs – 13.45%], wings – 10.75%, while flesh makes up 30.9%, 24.9%, and 7.8%, respectively, which exceeds the same indicators of domestic crosses. It was determined that the total yield of the breast and legs of the Smena-9 cross [65.9%] is higher by 5.3% for carcasses weighing 1600 g and by 8.8% for carcasses weighing 1850 g; for flesh, the excess is 5.8% and 5.2%, respectively. The obtained results serve as the basis for the development of normative documentation for parts of carcasses and their components of the Smena-9 cross and a system for assessing the effectiveness of equipment for cutting and deboning by the degree of approximation of the results of its operation to similar indicators for anatomical cutting and deboning.

Sensitivity to antibacterial preparations Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry products

Along with salmonellosis and Escherichiosis, intestinal campylobacteriosis caused by thermophilic campylobacter, primarily Campylobacter jejuni, is widespread. When studying the biological properties of isolated pathogens, great importance is attached to determining their sensitivity to antibacterial preparations and identifying preparation resistance. Livestock products, including poultry, are one of the most common sources of pathogenic campylobacter. Since antibiotics are often used in the process of growing and obtaining poultry meat, the acquired resistance of the campylobacter bacteria that colonize poultry products to the drugs used in veterinary medicine is likely. The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains in future can lead to decrease of the therapeutic effect in the treatment of severe forms of campylobacteriosis. In this article we present the results of determining the antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg in comparison with the antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of chickens of the control groups, hatched without use of any antimicrobial preparations. Based on the results of our studies, we found that C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network have broad antibiotic resistance and are resistant to the effects of amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin, cephalothin, gentamycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole, but are sensitive to the action of nalidixic acid, imipenem, meropenem, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. Cultures of C. jejuni isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network have a broader antibiotic resistance to antimicrobial drugs of various pharmacological groups compared to cultures of C. jejuni isolated from group samples of chickens from the control group. Broader antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network is most likely associated with the use of various antimicrobial drugs when growing poultry in industrial poultry farming.