Wool growth in sheep fed diets based on wheat straw and protein supplements

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Wool growth of sheep fed wheat straw and various nitrogen (N) supplements was studied in two experiments lasting 16-20 weeks. In experiment 1, penned Crossbred wethers were fed wheat straw supplemented with urea (36 g kg-1 straw) and starch, or equivalent (N basis) amounts of formaldehyde-treated (F) casein (FCAS), rapeseed meal (RSM) or F-treated RSM or sunflower meal (FRSM and FSFM), all at the same total DM intake of c. 1240 g day-1. They produced from 7.9 to 13.9 g clean dry wool (CDW) day-1, and gained from 40 to 100 g day-1 for the urea and FCAS diets respectively. Mean digestibilities of organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents were 0.53 and 0.42, with few differences between diets, while N digestibility of the FRSM diet (0.76) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all others (mean 0.89). During 1-6 h post-feeding, mean rumen pH and volatile fatty acid levels (6.43 and 55.2 mM respectively) were similar for all diets, whereas rumen ammonia levels were significantly (P < 0.01) higher with the urea and RSM supplements compared with the F-treated supplements. In experiment 2, penned Merino wethers fed 770 g DM day-1 of the urea-supplemented diet produced 5.0 g CDW day-1 and lost 50 g live weight day-1. In other sheep, fed at the same DM intake on wheat straw plus increasing levels (c. 70-350 g sheep-1 day-1) of an FRSM supplement, wool growth was quadratically related to supplement-N intake, with a maximum of 10.1 g CDW day-1 at a N intake of 15.6 g day-1. Digestibility of OM and N balance were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at FRSM levels < 127 g sheep-1 day-1, while mean rumen ammonia levels during 6 h post-feeding remained < 70 mg N L-1 at FRSM levels < 183 g sheep-1 day-1. It was concluded that protein supplements resistant to ruminal degradation will substantially increase wool production in sheep fed straw diets at approximately maintenance levels.

Rape and sunflower seed meals as supplements for sheep fed on oat straw

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Oat Straw

Rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and formaldehyde-treated (F) forms of these were compared with urea- and formaldehyde-treated casein (FCAS) as N supplements for sheep fed pelleted diets containing c. 80% oat straw. Sufficient supplement was added to bring the N content of each diet to c. 1.7%, and starch was added to the urea and FCAS diets to make all supplements equal in metabolizable energy content. Based on an assumed fractional outflow rate from the rumen of 0.06 h-1, the ruminal degradability of dietary N varied from a mean of 0.42 for diets containing formaldehydetreated supplements to 0.74 for non-treated supplements. The diets were fed to Crossbred wethers weighing c. 40 kg in a production experiment lasting 12 weeks, and in a metabolism experiment. In the production experiment, penned sheep fed the urea diet ate 1300 g DM day-1, gained 30 g Day-1 and grew 4.5 g clean dry wool (CDW) day-1 . Each of the protein supplements increased DM intake (mean 1860g day-1 P < 0-0l), liveweight gain (mean 148 g day -I, P < 0-001) and wool growth (mean 10.5 g CDW day-1; P < 0.01). Intake and liveweight gain were higher, and wool growth rate lower, on the SFM than on the RSM diet, while formaldehyde treatment of both meals stimulated intake, gain and wool growth although these differences were not always significant. Efficiency of wool growth, expressed as g CDW per g N digested, was least for the urea and SFM diets (mean 0.30), higher for the FCAS, RSM and FSFM diets (mean 0.40) and highest for the FRSM diet (0.48, P < 0.05). Mean digestibilities of organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents for all diets were 0.47 and 0.44 respectively, with few significant differences between diets. Apparent N digestibility varied from 0.41 to 0.61 for the FRSM and FCAS diets respectively, while estimated true N digestibility varied from 0.72 to 0.88 for the same two diets. Nitrogen balance for the protein-supplemented diets (mean 2.68 g day-1) was higher (P < 0.001) than for the urea diet (-3.77 g day-1). During 6 h post-feeding, the mean rumen pH (6.50) and volatile fatty acid levels (60.9 mM ) showed few differences between diets, whereas rumen ammonia concentrations were significantly reduced by formaldehyde treatment of the protein supplements. It was concluded that RSM and SFM were effective supplements for sheep offered straw, with little difference between them except for wool growth. Formaldehyde treatment to confer resistance to ruminal degradation reduced N digestibility, but increased the efficiency of utilization of digested N for wool growth.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.

Effects of rapeseed-meal and fish-meal supplementation of maize silage-based diets upon voluntary intake, live-weight gain and wool growth of store lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossaibati ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThirty-six individually penned lambs (mean live weight 32·4 (s.d. 2·27) kg) were offered maize silagead libitumand one of three concentrate mixes, two of which contained extracted rapeseed meal (control and HR) and the other fish meal (FM). The concentrates were given according to live weight and in sufficient quantities to provide proportionately about 0·4 of the dry matter (DM) intake of the lambs. The dietary concentrations of nitrogen (N) g/kg DM were 22·4, 27·4 and 27·5 and of rumen undegradable N 6·6, 7·3 and 11·6 for the control, HR and FM diets respectively.Both the HR and FM diets depressed maize silage intakes compared with the control during the first 21 days (P < 0·05) and lambs given the FM diet continued to have lower intakes than control lambs (P < 0·05) throughout the experiment. The live-weight gain of HR lambs was considerably depressed in comparison with the control and FM lambs during the first 21 days of the experiment (P < 0·05). Overall HR lambs gained weight more slowly than control and FM lambs up to 45 kg live weight but the difference was not statistically significant. Food conversion ratio was better for FM than HR (P < 0·01). There were no treatment differences in wool growth.The results obtained provide little evidence that fish meal had any beneficial effects upon lamb growth compared with the control diet except a possible increase in the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization.

scholarly journals The influence of live weight, live-weight change and diet on protein synthesis in the skin and skeletal muscle in young Merino sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Liu ◽  
G. Mata ◽  
H. O'Donoghue ◽  
D. G. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning

Wool growth is derived directly from protein synthesis in the skin of sheep, and is affected by the nutritional status of the animals. The present experiment examined both protein synthesis in the skin and muscle and wool growth in Merino lambs differing in live weight, intake and dietary protein source. The experiment was a 23 factorial design: twenty-four 5-month-old lambs initially weighing 33 kg (heavy) or 25 kg (light) were fed on a hay-based diet with either lupin seed or rapeseed meal as the major protein sources to maintain live weight (M) for 56 d, or were fed at 0.6M for 28 d (period 1) followed by 28 d at 1.6M (period 2). Fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR, % per d) in the skin and the m. longissimus dorsi on days 4 and 24 of period 1 and day 4 of period 2 were measured by means of a flooding dose of l-[ring-d5]phenylalanine, and wool growth on a skin patch over period 1 was also measured. The FSR ranged from 13.2 to 20.2% per d in the skin, higher than reported for other breeds, and 1.53–3.07% per d in the muscle. Sheep on the low intake (0.6M) had significant reductions in FSR, protein content (g), protein synthesis (g/d) in the skin, and wool growth (g/d). The heavy lambs had similar FSR to the light lambs, but had a higher skin protein content and total protein synthesis per unit of skin area (100 cm2) and, therefore, grew more wool. The rapeseed-meal diet increased FSR and wool growth only in the light lambs over the short term. The protein deposited in wool over period 1 was 0.185 of the total protein synthesis in the skin, regardless of live weight, intake or diet, a result similar to other breeds. With the changes in dietary intake, protein synthesis in the skin and muscle responded differentially, with nutrient partitioning at sub-maintenance in favour of wool growth but at supra-maintenance, following a nutrient restriction, in favour of weight gain in young growing sheep.

A note on the comparison of barley-urea, maize gluten and rapeseed meal as supplements to ad libitum winter wheat straw for spring-calving suckler cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
D. Pullar ◽  
I. Rigby
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weight Condition ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects on animal performance of barley-urea (BU), maize gluten (MG) and rapeseed meal (RSM) offered with ad libitum winter wheat straw, were examined with 138 pregnant Hereford (♂ × Friesian ♀ cows over two winters (1987/88 and 1988/89). In each year, seven young cows and 16 old cows per treatment were offered respectively 3·0 or 1·5 kg fresh weight per head per day, of BU, MG or RSM for 167 days. There were no treatment effects on live weight, condition score or calf birth weight. In terms of animal performance BU, MG and RSM were equally effective.

Rape and sunflower seed meals as supplements for sheep grazing cereal stubbles

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
H Dove
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Stocking Rates

In 2 experiments, Merino sheep aged about 18 months grazed cereal stubbles for 12 weeks and were either: (i) given no supplement; (ii) given free access to blocks containing 30% urea; or received daily about 300 g DM sheep-1 of (iii) rapeseed meal (RSM); (iv) formaldehyde-treated RSM (FRSM); (v) sunflower meal (SFM); or (vi) formaldehyde-treated SFM (FSFM). In experiment 1, wethers grazed a barley stubble at stocking rates (SR) of 18 and 36 sheep ha-1, and in experiment 2, mixed flocks of wethers and ewes grazed wheat stubble at 10 and 20 sheep ha-1. Mean daily intakes of urea were about 8.5 and 11.5 g sheep-1 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Both forms of SFM were readily eaten throughout, but in both experiments, intakes of RSM and FRSM were low and were characterised by high variability from day to day, and among individual sheep within groups. In both experiments, all sheep gained some weight during the first 2-3 weeks; thereafter control and urea fed sheep lost weight at mean rates varying from about 96 to 180 g day-1 depending on SR. Feeding SFM or FSFM reduced this loss to about 20 g day-1 at SR of 10-20 ha-1, and to 60 g day-1 at a SR of 36 ha-1, while losses were intermediate in sheep fed RSM or FRSM. In experiment 1, daily wool growth rates varied from about 5.5 g clean dry wool (CDW) sheep-1 for control and urea-fed sheep to about 11 g CDW sheep-1 for sheep fed SFM and FSFM; respective daily rates in experiment 2 were 3.6 and 8.2 g CDW sheep-1. Wool growth of sheep fed RSM and FRSM was intermediate in both experiments. When ewes were mated on high-quality feed after grazing stubbles, conception was delayed for about 14 days in a high proportion (about 40%) of those ewes that had lost considerable weight during stubble grazing. This effect was overcome by feeding daily 300 g DM sheep-1 of SFM for 7 days prior to and during mating. Delayed conception extended the lambing period. although final numbers of lambs born were not different among groups.

Influence of cotton-seed meal and barley grain supplements on intake, digestion, live-weight gain and wool growth in sheep fed NaOH-treated oat and wheat straw diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Amaning-Kwarteng ◽  
R. C. Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Cotton Seed Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Weight Gains

SummaryGrowth and digestibility trials were conducted to investigate responses of young cross-bred sheep to alkali-treated straws and supplements. Oat and wheat straws were coarsely milled, sprayed with NaOH solution and then sprayed with a solution containing N, S, P, Cu and Co, and mixed with powdered limestone. The treated straws were fedad libitumwith no supplement (0) or with 150 g/day of either cotton-seed meal (CSM) or whole barley grain (B). In a preliminary trial to study the effect of frequency of ort collection on intake of treated straw, consumption decreased (P< 0·05) when frequency of ort collection was reduced from once daily to once weekly. This was associated with an increase in the neutral detergent fibre content of the orts. During the growth trial, which lasted 105 days, intake of treated straw increased by 34%.When no supplement was fed, digestibility of treated oat straw was higher (P < 0·05) and dry-matter intake lower (P< 0·05) than that of treated wheat straw. However, calculated intakes of metabolizable energy (ME) and measurements of growth and wool production were similar on the two straws (P> 0·05).When supplements were fed, there was no effect on intake of the treated straws. Mean live-weight gains were 51·4, 80·2 and 77·3 g/day on treatments 0, CSM and B respectively (P< 0·01). This was associated with higher intakes of ME (P< 0·01) which accounted for 73% of the variation in live-weight gains. Mean clean wool growth was 7·6, 10·5 and 9·3 g/day on treatments 0, CSM and B respectively (P< 0·01). This effect was associated more with nitrogen (N) absorption than with ME intake (80 and 48% of the variation in wool growth respectively).It was concluded that the treated straws provided sufficient nutrients for modest growth in young sheep, that the supplements had no effect on intake of the treated straws and that additional live-weight gain and wool growth obtained by feeding CSM and B were associated with energy intake and nitrogen absorbed respectively.

A note on the use of rapeseed, sunflower and soyabean meals as protein sources in compound foods for milking cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel C. Vincent ◽  
R. Hill ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Rapeseed, sunflower and soya-bean meals were compared as the main sources of protein in concentrate supplements given to dairy cattle. The supplements contained (per kg) 620 g rapeseed meal, 760 g sunflower meal or 500 g soya-bean meal and all three were formulated to contain 300 g protein per kg. Each animal was given daily TO kg dairy compound, 3·5 kg supplement, 3·5 kg sugar-beet pulp pellets and offered maize silage ad libitum. A randomized-block design with 39 cattle was used and treatments were applied for 16 weeks. All three supplements were eaten rapidly and there were no refusals. Daily mean milk yields were rapeseed 26·7, sunflower 25·3 and soya bean 25·1 (s.e.d. 1·44) kg; milk fat and protein concentrations were not affected by the treatments. There were no significant treatment differences in live weight and condition score. It was concluded that these high protein supplements based on rapeseed meal, sunflower meal and soya-bean meal were of equal feeding value for milk production.

Rapeseed meal, maize-gluten feed and fish meal as protein supplements for maize silage given to growing/finishing Limousin × Holstein Friesian bulls

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
H. F. Grundy ◽  
K. P. A. Wheeler ◽  
R. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gluten Feed

AbstractIn each of three experiments, 60 Limousin × Holstein Friesian bulls, initially of 191, (s..e. 5·0), 177 (s.e. 5·5) and 210 (s.e. 7·2) kg mean live weight for experiments 1, 2 and 3 respectively, were offered maize silage ad libitum plus one of three barley-based, isonitrogenous compound diets containing 200 g rapeseed meal, 575 g maize-gluten feed or 100 g fish meal per kg fresh weight. Compound diets were given at the rate of 3·0 kg (fresh weight) per head per day up to 320 kg live weight and at 3·3 kg per head per day from 320 kg to 420 kg live weight. In experiment 3, when bulls were taken through to slaughter, the compound diet was further increased to 3·5 kg per head per day from 420 kg live weight to slaughter. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted over 128 and 194 days, with mean live weights at the end of the experiments of 347 (s.e. 17·2) and 414 (s.e. 24·2) kg respectively. In experiment 3, bulls were slaughtered at 16 months of age at a mean live weight of 544 (s.e. 25·0) kg.In experiment 1, the fish-meal diet gave the highest rate of daily live-weight gain at 1·34 compared with 1·17 and 1·16 (s.e.d. 0·041) kg for rapeseed-meal and maize-gluten diets, respectively. In experiments 2 and 3, daily gains were similar on all treatments at 1·21, 1·19 and 1·26 (s.e.d. 0·036) kg and 1·06, 1·09 and 1·11 (s.e.d. 0·035) kg for the rapeseed-meal, maize-gluten and fish-meal diets respectively. Total daily dry-matter intakes did not show consistent trends: in experiment 1, intakes were 5·8, 5·6 and 5·8 kg/day, in experiment 2, 6·2, 6·2 and 6·3 kg/day; and in experiment 3, 7·1, 7·3 and 7·1 kg/day for rapeseed-meal, maize-gluten and fish meal, respectively. The higher intakes of dry matter in experiment 3 were due to the greater intakes of maize silage by bulls taken to heavier weights in this experiment.

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