scholarly journals The influence of live weight, live-weight change and diet on protein synthesis in the skin and skeletal muscle in young Merino sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Liu ◽  
G. Mata ◽  
H. O'Donoghue ◽  
D. G. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning

Wool growth is derived directly from protein synthesis in the skin of sheep, and is affected by the nutritional status of the animals. The present experiment examined both protein synthesis in the skin and muscle and wool growth in Merino lambs differing in live weight, intake and dietary protein source. The experiment was a 23 factorial design: twenty-four 5-month-old lambs initially weighing 33 kg (heavy) or 25 kg (light) were fed on a hay-based diet with either lupin seed or rapeseed meal as the major protein sources to maintain live weight (M) for 56 d, or were fed at 0.6M for 28 d (period 1) followed by 28 d at 1.6M (period 2). Fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR, % per d) in the skin and the m. longissimus dorsi on days 4 and 24 of period 1 and day 4 of period 2 were measured by means of a flooding dose of l-[ring-d5]phenylalanine, and wool growth on a skin patch over period 1 was also measured. The FSR ranged from 13.2 to 20.2% per d in the skin, higher than reported for other breeds, and 1.53–3.07% per d in the muscle. Sheep on the low intake (0.6M) had significant reductions in FSR, protein content (g), protein synthesis (g/d) in the skin, and wool growth (g/d). The heavy lambs had similar FSR to the light lambs, but had a higher skin protein content and total protein synthesis per unit of skin area (100 cm2) and, therefore, grew more wool. The rapeseed-meal diet increased FSR and wool growth only in the light lambs over the short term. The protein deposited in wool over period 1 was 0.185 of the total protein synthesis in the skin, regardless of live weight, intake or diet, a result similar to other breeds. With the changes in dietary intake, protein synthesis in the skin and muscle responded differentially, with nutrient partitioning at sub-maintenance in favour of wool growth but at supra-maintenance, following a nutrient restriction, in favour of weight gain in young growing sheep.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Sixteen male cross-bred lambs were given four diets, which differed in the ratio of protein to energy. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were: 6.1% (diet A), 11.9% (diet B), 17.5% (diet C) and 22.9% (diet D).2. The experimental period of 7 weeks was divided into two 2-week periods (periods 1 and 2), and one 3-week period. The diets given to the lambs were changed between period 1 and period 2. In period 3 all the lambs were given the same dietary treatment as in period 2.3. The daily feed intake of the lambs was regulated according to live weight. Adjustments were made at the beginning of period 1 and of period 2. The level of feeding was 121 kcal/kg live weight 24 h. In period 3 the intake was the same as in period 2.4. Diet digestibility, live-weight gain, and nitrogen and sulphur balances were calculated for each lamb on each diet in all the periods. Wool growth on sample areas was measured over a 2-week and a 4-week period. These wool growth periods corresponded to treatment period 1, and treatment periods 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of the experiment the lambs were slaughtered and the composition of carcass and organs was determined.5. The mean digestibilities of energy, N, ether extractives and dry matter increased significantly as the protein content of the diet increased.6. The live-weight gain increased with increasing protein content of the diets, but only the difference between the means for diet A and all other diets was significant.7. The N and S balances increased with increasing intake of apparently digested N and S, and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant.8. There was a significant correlation between N balance and live-weight gain for each diet. However, when compared at the same late of gain, N balance increased as the protein content or the diet increased.9. Wool growth on the sample areas increased with an increase in the protein content of the diet and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments in their effect on the N and S contents of the wool. The mean values were 15.7% N and 2.87% S.10. The retention of N in the wool grown did not account for the increased N retention on the diets of higher protein content. The lambs given diet A, retained more N and S in wool than was supplied by the diet.11. The percentage of fat in the carcass decreased, and the percentage of protein increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The percentages of moisture and ash were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments.12. The percentages of moisture in the liver, pancreas and muscle decreased and the percentages of protein in the liver and muscle increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The ratio of N in the organs (with the exception of the spleen and pancreas) to N in the carcass was highest for lambs given the diet with least protein (diet A).

Total protein content and protein synthesis within pre-elongation stage bovine embryos

1998 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Thompson ◽  
A.N.M. Sherman ◽  
N.W. Allen ◽  
L.T. McGowan ◽  
H.R. Tervit
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Bovine Embryos

Changes in protein during development of Triturus embryos

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-659
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Imoh ◽  
Tsutomu Minamidani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

The present paper reports basic data on DNA content, protein content, and protein synthesis in Triturus pyrrhogaster embryos during development from cleavage to the hatching stage. Except for measurements of DNA and total protein contents, embryos were labeled with sodium carbonate-14C for 10 h and fractionated into embryonic cell components, i.e. cytoplasmic mass, yolk and pigment granules, and nuclei, in a discontinuous density gradient of sucrose. The protein content and the radioactivity incorporated into protein were measured in each fraction. Those fractions combining protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3 and in 0·25 N-HCl were further studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the newt embryo, four stages of active DNA increase were observed when cultured at constant temperature; they were gastrula, neurula, late tail-bud, and before-hatching stages. Total protein per embryo decreased from 3 to 2 mg during the development studied. The content of cytoplasmic soluble protein per embryo was low and constant throughout development. Synthesis of the fraction was observed at the earliest stage of development studied though the rate was not high and specific activity of the soluble protein increased during development. Qualitative changes in the newly synthesized protein were observed. With the yolk fraction, synthesis of protein, other than from probable contamination with the cytoplasmic fraction, was not detected and a detailed description was omitted. Changes were observed at two stages of development in the synthesis of nuclear protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3, the first at gastrulation and the second at late tail-bud stage. The change at gastrulation seemed to be the start of syntheses of the nuclear soluble proteins, while quantitative enhancement rather than qualitative change was noticed at late tail-bud stage. Most of the nuclear protein soluble in 0·25 N-HCI was histone. The histone content increased in accordance with increase in the DNA content and the rate of DNA accumulation was accompanied by proportionate incorporation of radioactivity into histone. Among histone fractions, unique behaviour of the very lysine-rich histone was observed. The availability of [14C]sodium carbonate in rough estimations of protein synthesis in embryos and significance of the data obtained have been discussed.

British rapeseed meals in the diets of pregnant and lactating mature suffolk-mule ewes

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Isobel C. Vincent ◽  
R. Hill ◽  
H. LI. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Group A ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate the suitability of using high levels of British (high glucosinolate) rapeseed meal (RSM), 80 adult Suffolk-Mule ewes of mean live-weight 64.8 kg (s.e. 0.5) were divided into four balanced groups. Three of the groups were allocated to a concentrate diet containing 20% RSM as the major protein supplement: extracted (B), expeller (C) and extruded (D). The control group (A) was given a diet containing 16.5% soyabean meal (SBM) as the only protein supplement. The remainder of these pelleted diets consisted of barley, molassine meal, oat husks, minerals and vitamins. All four diets contained similar levels of protein and energy.The ewes were fed 0.7 kg/day during maintenance, 1 kg/day durino mating and increasing amounts from late pregnancy up to a maximum of 2.5 kg/day during lactation. Barley straw was available ad libitum. The ewes were weighed twice monthly. Jugular blood samples were taken monthly for thyroxine (T4) and thiocyanate (-SCN) analyses of plasma, also every five days during mating and the first two months of pregnancy for profiles of progesterone in plasma. The ewes were exposed to raddled entire rams for six weeks during November and December.

Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro is attenuated by mechanical stimulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. C1471-C1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Chromiak ◽  
H. H. Vandenburgh
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Mechanical Activity ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis Rate

Glucocorticoids induce rapid atrophy of fast skeletal myofibers in vivo, and either weight lifting or endurance exercise reduces this atrophy by unknown mechanisms. We examined the effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) on protein turnover in tissue-cultured avian fast skeletal myofibers and determined whether repetitive mechanical stretch altered the myofiber response to Dex. In static cultures after 3-5 days, 10(-8) M Dex decreased total protein content 42-74%, total protein synthesis rates 38-56%, mean myofiber diameter 35%, myosin heavy chain (MHC) content 86%, MHC synthesis rate 44%, and fibronectin synthesis rate 29%. Repetitive 10% stretch-relaxations of the cultured myofibers for 60 s every 5 min for 3-4 days prevented 52% of the Dex-induced decrease in protein content, 42% of the decrease in total protein synthesis rate, 77% of the decrease in MHC content, 42% of the decrease in MHC synthesis rate, and 67% of the decrease in fibronectin synthesis rate. This in vitro model system will complement in vivo studies in understanding the mechanism by which mechanical activity and glucocorticoids interact to regulate skeletal muscle growth.

Protein synthesis and degradation in flight muscles of adult crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus)

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Gomi ◽  
T Okuda ◽  
S Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Flight Muscles

The development and degeneration of the flight muscles in adult crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, were studied (1) by determination of the total protein content, (2) by SDS one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS­PAGE) of muscle protein and (3) by in vitro culturing of the muscle. The total protein content of the dorso-longitudinal muscle (DLM) and metathoracic dorso-ventral muscle (DVM) increased during the early days of adult life in both sexes. This high protein content was maintained for at least a further 10 days in some individuals, while in others it declined to a low level. Mesothoracic DVMs in males also showed an increase in protein content after adult emergence but did not undergo histolysis, whereas those in females showed no significant temporal change in protein content. Removal of hind wings or artificial de-alation was found to be useful in inducing degeneration of DLMs and metathoracic DVMs. This treatment also stimulated ovarian development in females. An analysis by SDS­PAGE provided no evidence for new protein synthesis prior to or during flight muscle degeneration. A high rate of [3H]- or [35S]methionine incorporation was observed in DLMs taken from newly emerged adults, but, in intact crickets, the rate declined rapidly during the first 3 days of adult life, a pattern consistent with that obtained from the measurement of total protein content. Compared with DLMs removed from intact crickets, DLMs taken from de-alated crickets showed reduced rates of protein synthesis during in vitro culturing. This, together with the onset of protein degradation, appears to cause the rapid decrease in total protein content of the muscle in de-alated crickets.

Effects of rapeseed-meal and fish-meal supplementation of maize silage-based diets upon voluntary intake, live-weight gain and wool growth of store lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Kossaibati ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThirty-six individually penned lambs (mean live weight 32·4 (s.d. 2·27) kg) were offered maize silagead libitumand one of three concentrate mixes, two of which contained extracted rapeseed meal (control and HR) and the other fish meal (FM). The concentrates were given according to live weight and in sufficient quantities to provide proportionately about 0·4 of the dry matter (DM) intake of the lambs. The dietary concentrations of nitrogen (N) g/kg DM were 22·4, 27·4 and 27·5 and of rumen undegradable N 6·6, 7·3 and 11·6 for the control, HR and FM diets respectively.Both the HR and FM diets depressed maize silage intakes compared with the control during the first 21 days (P < 0·05) and lambs given the FM diet continued to have lower intakes than control lambs (P < 0·05) throughout the experiment. The live-weight gain of HR lambs was considerably depressed in comparison with the control and FM lambs during the first 21 days of the experiment (P < 0·05). Overall HR lambs gained weight more slowly than control and FM lambs up to 45 kg live weight but the difference was not statistically significant. Food conversion ratio was better for FM than HR (P < 0·01). There were no treatment differences in wool growth.The results obtained provide little evidence that fish meal had any beneficial effects upon lamb growth compared with the control diet except a possible increase in the efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization.

The effects of food protein content on the performance of pigs previously given foods with low or moderate protein contents

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
C. Stamataris ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
C. T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ash Weight

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to study the ability of the pig to recover from the effects of a period on a food deficient in crude protein (CP). Forty young pigs were given free and continuous access to foods with either 150 (L) or 252 (M) g CP per kg in period 1 of the experiment, from 6·3 kg to 13·4 and 12·3 kg live weight respectively. These live weights were expected to give equal lipid-free empty body weights. In period 2, four males and four females from each of the period 1 treatments were given access to either M or a food with 377 g CP per kg (H) to a live weight of 30 kg, when the 32 pigs were killed.Pigs on L took 11 (s.e. 0·6) days longer to complete period 1, and had, at the end of this period, 0·20 (s.e. 0·03) kg less protein and 1·20 (s.e. 0·06) kg more lipid in their bodies than the M pigs, at a common ash weight. In period 2, pigs from L grew at a faster rate (750v.633 (s.e.d. 20) g/day), ate food at the same rate (1115v.1085 (s.e.d. 35) g/day) and converted food more efficiently (0·676v.0·585 (s.e.d. 0·016) g gain per g food) than those from M. At 30·3 kg live weight the pigs from L had corrected their protein deficit relative to ash and reduced their fatness, so that they had the same protein: ash ratio and only 0·47 (s.e. 0·12) kg more lipid in their bodies than those from M. This was the result of a higher rate of gain of protein and water, a lower rate of lipid gain and similar rate of ash gain by the pigs from L than those from M. In the first 7 days of period 2 the pigs from L gained weight at 1·4 times the rate of those from M. In the final 7 days there was no significant effect of period 1 treatment on growth rate. The pigs from L given food H in period 2 were more efficient than those given M in period 2 (food conversion efficiency (FCE) values of 0·884 and 0·791 respectively; s.e.d. 0·027), but this difference was reversed in the final 7 days (FCE values of 0·521 and 0·603 respectively). t I is concluded from these results that a period of eating a food of low protein content produces a reduced protein: ash and an increased lipid: ash ratio in the body and reduced growth rate and efficiency. When subsequently pigs are given a food of sufficiently high protein content, the protein: ash and lipid: ash ratios return to normal. The repletion of labile protein reserves, with their associated water, leads to a substantial increase in the rate of live-weight gain. The lower lipid content of the gain leads to a high efficiency. The duration of these effects depends on the protein content of the food given.

scholarly journals Utilization of low-quality roughages; effects of supplementing with casein treated or untreated with formaldehyde on digesta flows, intake and growth rate of cattle eating wheat straw

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sriskandarajah ◽  
R. C. Kellaway ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

1. Expt 1. Forty 200 kg heifers were given wheat strawad lib. plus one of five pelleted supplements, each of which supplied 40 g/nitrogen as urea/d, Treatment A did not supply other sources of N, and other treatments supplied daily 40 g digestible N as casein and formaldehyde-treated casein (HCHO-casein) in the following proportions (w/w): 100:0 (B), 70:30 (C), 30:70 (D), 0:100 (E). After 5 weeks (period 1) all supplements were withdrawn from half (four) of the animals in each treatment group (NS) over a period of 8 weeks (period 2). At the end of period 2. N balances were measured in four animals on each of treatments E and NS.2. In period 1 the mean intake of straw by animals on treatments D and E was higher than the mean intake by animals on treatments A, B and C (3·32v. 2·83 k/d respectively,P< 0·01) and live-weight changes also differed significantly (+ 72 and – 126g/d respectively:P< 0·01). Intakes of straw in period 2 were 3·74 and 3·20 kg/d for animals with and without supplements respectively (P< 0·01) and live-weight changes were +110 and – 157 g/d on the respective treatments (P< 0·01). For animals receiving supplements in period 2, intakes of straw did not differ significantly between supplements; live-weight changes were −14 g/d on treatment A and +141 g/d on treatments B, C, D and E (P< 0·01).3. N balances on treatments E and NS were +11·4 and – 3·3 g/d respectively (P< 0·01), although digestibility of organic matter (OM) was similar on the two treatments.4. Expt 2. Four 185 kg steers with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given wheat strawad lib. plus one each of treatments A, B and E in a randomized block sequence. Dry matter (DM) intakes were 3·44, 3·89 and 4·05 kg/d on treatments A, B and E respectively (P< 0·05). N intakes were 29 and 37 g/d higher on treatments Band E respectively than on treatment A, but abomasal flows of N were only 4 and 14 g/d higher on the respective treatments. The latter value indicates that approximately 0·62 of HCHO-casein was degraded in the rumen. Efficiencies of bacterial protein synthesis were 31, 24 and 26 g bacterial N/kgOM apparently digested in the rumen (P> 0·05) on treatments A, B and E respectively.5. It was concluded that efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen was not limited by the supply of peptides and amino acids, and that protein supplements do not consistently stimulate intake of low-quality roughages when requirements for rumen degradable N have been met. Higher flows of N to the intestines when HCHO-casein, and to a lesser extent casein, were given were associated with a shift from negative to positive live-weight changes. These live-weight changes were not significantly correlated with DM intakes from which it appears that effects of casein supplements on live weight may have been attributable to effects of absorbed amino acids on efficiency of tissue protein synthesis either directly or through gluconeo genesis.

Wool growth in sheep fed diets based on wheat straw and protein supplements

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Wool growth of sheep fed wheat straw and various nitrogen (N) supplements was studied in two experiments lasting 16-20 weeks. In experiment 1, penned Crossbred wethers were fed wheat straw supplemented with urea (36 g kg-1 straw) and starch, or equivalent (N basis) amounts of formaldehyde-treated (F) casein (FCAS), rapeseed meal (RSM) or F-treated RSM or sunflower meal (FRSM and FSFM), all at the same total DM intake of c. 1240 g day-1. They produced from 7.9 to 13.9 g clean dry wool (CDW) day-1, and gained from 40 to 100 g day-1 for the urea and FCAS diets respectively. Mean digestibilities of organic matter (OM) and cell wall constituents were 0.53 and 0.42, with few differences between diets, while N digestibility of the FRSM diet (0.76) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all others (mean 0.89). During 1-6 h post-feeding, mean rumen pH and volatile fatty acid levels (6.43 and 55.2 mM respectively) were similar for all diets, whereas rumen ammonia levels were significantly (P < 0.01) higher with the urea and RSM supplements compared with the F-treated supplements. In experiment 2, penned Merino wethers fed 770 g DM day-1 of the urea-supplemented diet produced 5.0 g CDW day-1 and lost 50 g live weight day-1. In other sheep, fed at the same DM intake on wheat straw plus increasing levels (c. 70-350 g sheep-1 day-1) of an FRSM supplement, wool growth was quadratically related to supplement-N intake, with a maximum of 10.1 g CDW day-1 at a N intake of 15.6 g day-1. Digestibility of OM and N balance were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at FRSM levels < 127 g sheep-1 day-1, while mean rumen ammonia levels during 6 h post-feeding remained < 70 mg N L-1 at FRSM levels < 183 g sheep-1 day-1. It was concluded that protein supplements resistant to ruminal degradation will substantially increase wool production in sheep fed straw diets at approximately maintenance levels.

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