Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. IV. Yield, efficiency parameters and partitioning of P in two white clover accessions under varying levels of P supply in solution culture

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Blair ◽  
EJ Wilson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
P Supply

An experiment was conducted under controlled environment conditions in nutrient solution over four P levels (1,4, 8, 16 8mol P m-3) to evaluate the yield performance and P uptake of two accessions of white clover (Trifolium repens). The two accessions used were Naturalized, which was grown from a seed collection made from a low P soil on the Northern Tablelands of N.S.W., and cv. Ladino. Nutrient solutions were renewed when the P concentrations fell by a maximum of 10% and were pumped so that there was a flow rate of 4.4 L min-1 over the plant roots. The shoot and root fresh weight yield of Ladino was higher than Naturalized at all P levels. At 16 8mol P m-3 the shoot yield of Ladino was fourfold that of Naturalized; however, the relative yield response of Ladino between 1 and 16 8mol P m-3 was only 20% of the response of that in Naturalized. Phosphorus uptake was highest in Ladino at all P levels. The minimum shoot labile P concentrations recorded in this study were 1.1 and 2.5 8mol P g F.wt-1for Ladino and Naturalized respectively, indicating that Naturalized is capable of maintaining relatively high soluble tissue P levels under low P supply. The generally higher labile, lipid and residue P levels in new leaf, old leaf, stem and root in the Naturalized white clover accession indicate a lower efficiency of nutrient utilization in this collection compared to Ladino. In contrast to Ladino, Naturalized white clover may be able to control its P accumulation at high levels of supply, as toxic levels do not accumulate in old leaf. Ladino was the more efficient accession when P efficiency was defined as shoot yield per unit of P in solution. When P efficiency was defined as shoot or plant yield per unit of P absorbed or as the inverse of P concentration (utilization quotient), Ladino was the more efficient accession at 1 and 4 8mol P m-3, with only small differences between the accessions at 8 and 16 8mol P m-3. The results suggest that Naturalized may be adapted to low P supply through its low inherent growth rate which lowers its demand for exogenous P.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. I. Measures based on total dry weight and P content

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Chisholm ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Internal Efficiency ◽  
Better Than

Two solution culture experiments were conducted to compare the efficiency of phosphorus use and indicies for measuring it in a tropical and a temperate pasture legume. The species chosen were Stylosanthes hamata cv. 'Verano' (Caribbean stylo) and Trifolium repens cv. 'Ladino' (white clover).The first experiment used two solution P concentrations (2, 16 8M) to investigate differences between species in the rate and extent of P uptake. The second experiment used five solution P concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 8M ) to evaluate differences between species in internal efficiency of P utilization.There was no difference between white clover and stylo in the capacity to remove P from the same solution P concentrations. However, in both species the extent of depletion of solutions by plants grown at high P was not as great as that plants grown at low P. The ranking of species in terms of their internal efficiency or relative growth rate changed with time and P concentrations.Growth of white clover was better than stylo where there was a moderate deficiency of phosphorus. Alternatively, growth of stylo was better than white clover where phosphorus deficiency was more severe. The relative growth rate of stylo at low (2 8M ) P was maintained above 8% per day after prolonged P stress, whilst in white clover at the same P concentration RGR fell to less than 2% per day.Internal P efficiency or the amount of dry matter accumulated per unit P accumulated per unit time showed that white clover was more P efficient than stylo in the early stages of growth.

Genotypic differences in wheat for uptake and utilisation of P from iron phosphate

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Osborne ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
P Supply

Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the genotypic variation amongst cereal genotypes in phosphorus uptake from relatively insoluble iron phosphate. Optimum rates of iron phosphate were established by growing 3 wheat and 1 triticale genotype on an infertile sand amended with iron phosphate. Shoot dry weight of all genotypes showed a classic Mitcherlich response with 95% maximum growth achieved with 174�mg P/kg soil. Two rates of FePO4 were selected representing a deficient and sufficient supply (26 and 339 mg P/kg soil, respectively). These rates were used to screen 99 wheat, 8 triticale, and 4 cereal rye genotypes for phosphorus-use efficiency. Phosphorus efficiency was rated by 4 criteria: shoot dry weight at deficient P supply, shoot weight at deficient supply relative to shoot weight at sufficient P supply, P uptake efficiency (amount of P taken up per unit of P supplied), and P utilisation efficiency (shoot weight per unit P in plant). No genotypes were rated as efficient under all 4 criteria. Only 2 genotypes were rated efficient (rye Bevy, rye PC00361) and one inefficient (Machete) under 3 criteria. Seven genotypes were rated as efficient on 2 indices (wheat Chinese 80-55, Westonia, and Wawht 2147; triticale Treat, AT48-94, and TX93-78-1; rye Bulgarian Pento), whereas 7 genotypes were rated as inefficient on 2 indices (Boricuta, Cadoux, Cunderdin, Insignia, Kalingri, Perenjori, and triticale Abacus). Significant genotypic variation was identified in cereals in the ability to take up and utilise P from poorly soluble Fe-P, although all genotypes were able to utilise this source of phosphorus to some degree.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. V. A comparison of white clover accessions

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Godwin ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
New South ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Extractable Soil

Seed collections of 'naturalized' white clover (Trifolium repens L.) accessions, believed to have been derived from a Dutch 'wild white' clover introduced into the Northern Tablelands area of New South Wales were made. The collections were made from areas with low, high, and intermediate concentrations of extractable soil phosphorus. In a controlled environment pot experiment, the shoot and root growth and P uptake of each of these accessions was compared over a range of six P rates to three commercially available accessions-Ladino, Grasslands Huia, and Haifa and an accession from Algeria. Various methods of determining the efficiency of ultilization of P were examined. By all methods studied, Ladino generally was more efficient at utilizing applied P. Ladino produced a larger shoot biomass and greater length of root than other accessions, had a higher P uptake, and was more efficient in utilizing this P for the synthesis of biomass. The rankings of the clover accessions in terms of P efficiency changed according to the definition used. The study suggests that some scope exists for selection for P efficiency in clover accessions.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. III. Correlations of dry matter accumulation with phosphorus pool sizes and their net transfer rate

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 827 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Chisholm ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Incorporation Rate ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
P Pools ◽  
Soluble P

Results of an experiment over five solution P concentrations ( 1 , 2, 4, 8, 16 8M P) and five harvests were used in a response surface approach to determine the size and incorporation rates of major plant P pools in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Ladino) and stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano).At low P stylo had a greater total flux of P from the soluble P (inorganic P, ester P) pool to supply lipid and residue P (RNA, DNA, phosphoprotein) pools.At high P concentrations large soluble P pools in tops were associated with depressed dry weight accumulation in stylo compared to white clover. Possible reasons for this effect of soluble P, as related to photosynthetic rate, are discussed.Since both pool size and incorporation rate affected the efficiency of phosphorus use, the two measures were combined in a model of plant P use to assist in understanding reaction to high or low P. The model demonstrated the importance of maintenance of P supply to structural P pools, particulary phospholipids, at low P levels.Pool size and incorporation rate were combined as a transfer coefficient of P. RGR was best correlated with the transfer coefficients of structural (lipid, residue) pools in the roots rather than the tops. R2 values as high as 0.99 were obtained for relationships between structural P pools and dry weight. Strong correlations were also found when the data of both species were combined, including that the same factors were associated with RGR in different species. Selection for 'P efficiency' based on biochemical parameters is possible, but must take account of roots rather than simpler tops P concentrations.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. VI. A comparison of Italian ryegrass, phalaris, red clover and white clover over time

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Kemp ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Broad Scale

Two problems in comparative studies of the P efficiency of pasture species are the choice of measurement to define P efficiency and the basis of comparison to use. Therefore, the degree to which the level of P supply and plant age, or time of harvest, influence a variety of measures of P efficiency was examined in four temperate pasture species grown in a soil at a range of P levels in a glass house. The four species were Italian ryegrass, phalaris, red clover, and white clover. Italian ryegrass was the most P efficient and red clover the least P efficient species in terms of the broad scale measures of P effiency, shoot yield per unit of P applied and total P uptake over the first 40 days after sowing (DAS), and shoot P concentration at 68 DAS. Nevertheless, by 68 DAS the shoot fresh weight yield of the four species was similar at both the low (5 kgP ha-1) and the high (80 kg P ha-1) P rate. The superior shoot biomass production at lower P rates over 40 DAS of Italian ryegrass and phalaris compared with red and white clovers was largely the result of a greater root weight and P uptake per plant. Early root weight was determined by the relationship between seed weight and root relative growth rate (PGR), whereas P uptake per plant was influenced by root weight and plant P demand as measured by relative P uptake rate (RPR). The understanding of such relationships was shown to be essential to the effective interpretation of broad scale measures of P efficiency. The comparative broad scale P efficiences of the four species changed over time. When Italian ryegrass and phalaris were compared on an ontogenetic basis, number of leaves per plant, shoot yield and P uptake per plant were similar. The comparison of the P efficiency of species on both an ontogenetic and temporal basis is proposed.

An evaluation of the phosphate potential, Truog, Olsen, and Morgan methods for measuring the availability of soil phosphate

Soil Research ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE White ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Phosphate Potential ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phosphate Supply ◽  
High Level ◽  
Calcium Status

The equilibrium potentialsP was compared with three of the better conventional extractants, namely, Olsen's (0.5M NaHCO3), Truog's (0.002M H2SO4), and Morgan's (0.5M HOAc/NaOAc buffer), on a range of soils of uniform calcium status, using lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and on soils of variable calcium status, using Phaseolus lathvoides L. Relative yield and phosphorus uptake correlated better with soil test than did absolute yield response to phosphorus, for all methods. On the soils of uniform calcium status, the equilibrium potentialSP and Olsen methods were comparable and were superior to the Truog and Morgan methods. There was little to choose between the four methods on the soils of variable calcium status, when a very acid soil containing a high level of exchangeable aluminium was excluded from the correlations. Contrary to previous findings, the predictive value of the equilibrium potentialSP was high. The discrepancy may be explained by differences in the method of measuring the potential. Of the conventional extractants, one such as Olsen's bicarbonate, which reflects primarily the intensity of the phosphate supply of a soil and does not attack phosphate unavailable to plants, is to be preferred to those that reflect quantity rather than intensity.

Screening cereals for genotypic variation in efficiency of phosphorus uptake and utilisation

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Osborne ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
P Content ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency ◽  
P Supply

One hundred and six Australian cereal genotypes, including wheat, triticale, and rye, were screened for their ability to take up and utilise soluble phosphorus at different rates of P supply. Plants were screened in outdoor tanks irrigated at regular intervals with nutrient solution amended with 3 rates of P. Genotypes were ranked according to the following 3 criteria: shoot growth at deficient P supply, the relative shoot growth rate (dry weight at deficient P/dry weight at sufficient P), and phosphorus utilisation efficiency (amount of dry matter produced per unit of P accumulated in shoots corrected for seed P content). Considerable genotypic variation in growth and P utilisation efficiency was found in the cereal germplasm. Rye and triticale were generally more efficient in taking up and utilising P than wheat at low rates of P supply. Wheat genotypes Egret and Durati showed relatively high, and genotype Cadoux relatively low, P efficiency.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

Yield response of restricted-tillering wheat to transient waterlogging on duplex soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Condon ◽  
F. Giunta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
South West ◽  
Relative Extent ◽  
Before And After

Transient waterlogging during winter and spring reduces wheat yield in many parts of southern Australia. Yield reductions from waterlogging are associated with reduced production and survival of tillers, fewer and smaller fertile tillers, and smaller grain size. Under favourable conditions, wheats that have the tiller-inhibition ('tin') gene produce a lower total number of tillers but a higher proportion of large, productive tillers and larger grains than wheats without this gene. These characteristics of restricted-tillering wheat may contribute to improved yield under transient waterlogging. We compared the growth and yield of the commercial variety Bodallin and 2 Bodallin backcross derivatives containing the 'tin' gene in 8 field trials grown on shallow, duplex soils in 1995 and 1996 at 3 locations in the south-west of Western Australia. Trials were sown at standard (1995) and standard and high (1996) seeding rates. Trial-mean yield ranged from 0.5 to 4.7 t/ha, depending on the occurrence and severity of waterlogging before anthesis and of soil water deficit before and after anthesis. Grain yield of the restricted-tillering (RT) lines averaged only c. 80% of Bodallin. At all sites and seeding rates the RT lines had fewer spikes per m2 (45% fewer, on average) but averaged 44% more grains per spike. In 1996 only, grain weight of the RT lines was 6% greater than of Bodallin. There was no evidence that the relative yield of the RT lines was greater at waterlogged sites than at other sites. Waterlogging reduced the number of fertile spikes of RT lines and of Bodallin to the same relative extent and differences in grains per spike and grain size had little effect on relative yields. Even though harvest index of the RT lines was slightly elevated in some environments, biomass production of the RT lines was low in all environments. We conclude that wheats with the 'tin' gene are unlikely to have a yield advantage under transient waterlogging unless their biomass production can match that of more freely tillering wheats.

The phosphorus requirement of lettuce: II. A dynamic model of phosphorus uptake and growth

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Scaife ◽  
R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
P Content ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
P Supply

SummaryA dynamic model is presented in which the problem of predicting P response is broken down into various components, such as:(a) Weight and P content of emerging seedling.(b) Normal growth curve of the fully nourished plant.(c) A ‘deficiency-tolerance’ factor relating depression of relative growth rate to plant P concentration.(d) An ‘affinity’ term relating sink concentration to P status of plant.(e) A perirhizal resistance term for diffusive transport to roots.(f) Capacity and intensity of P supply from the soil. Mass flow supply via the transpiration stream is also included.By changing parameter values one may attempt to simulate the effect of any of these factors on the shape of the P response curve and any other part of the system throughout crop life. At present the model over-estimates growth at low levels of P supply, but predicted plant P concentrations agree reasonably well with observed data.

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