Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. V. A comparison of white clover accessions

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Godwin ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
New South ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Extractable Soil

Seed collections of 'naturalized' white clover (Trifolium repens L.) accessions, believed to have been derived from a Dutch 'wild white' clover introduced into the Northern Tablelands area of New South Wales were made. The collections were made from areas with low, high, and intermediate concentrations of extractable soil phosphorus. In a controlled environment pot experiment, the shoot and root growth and P uptake of each of these accessions was compared over a range of six P rates to three commercially available accessions-Ladino, Grasslands Huia, and Haifa and an accession from Algeria. Various methods of determining the efficiency of ultilization of P were examined. By all methods studied, Ladino generally was more efficient at utilizing applied P. Ladino produced a larger shoot biomass and greater length of root than other accessions, had a higher P uptake, and was more efficient in utilizing this P for the synthesis of biomass. The rankings of the clover accessions in terms of P efficiency changed according to the definition used. The study suggests that some scope exists for selection for P efficiency in clover accessions.

Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. VI. A comparison of Italian ryegrass, phalaris, red clover and white clover over time

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Kemp ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Broad Scale

Two problems in comparative studies of the P efficiency of pasture species are the choice of measurement to define P efficiency and the basis of comparison to use. Therefore, the degree to which the level of P supply and plant age, or time of harvest, influence a variety of measures of P efficiency was examined in four temperate pasture species grown in a soil at a range of P levels in a glass house. The four species were Italian ryegrass, phalaris, red clover, and white clover. Italian ryegrass was the most P efficient and red clover the least P efficient species in terms of the broad scale measures of P effiency, shoot yield per unit of P applied and total P uptake over the first 40 days after sowing (DAS), and shoot P concentration at 68 DAS. Nevertheless, by 68 DAS the shoot fresh weight yield of the four species was similar at both the low (5 kgP ha-1) and the high (80 kg P ha-1) P rate. The superior shoot biomass production at lower P rates over 40 DAS of Italian ryegrass and phalaris compared with red and white clovers was largely the result of a greater root weight and P uptake per plant. Early root weight was determined by the relationship between seed weight and root relative growth rate (PGR), whereas P uptake per plant was influenced by root weight and plant P demand as measured by relative P uptake rate (RPR). The understanding of such relationships was shown to be essential to the effective interpretation of broad scale measures of P efficiency. The comparative broad scale P efficiences of the four species changed over time. When Italian ryegrass and phalaris were compared on an ontogenetic basis, number of leaves per plant, shoot yield and P uptake per plant were similar. The comparison of the P efficiency of species on both an ontogenetic and temporal basis is proposed.

Morphological characteristics and agronomic merit of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from northern New South Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lane ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
J. V. Lovett ◽  
R. D. Murison
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Collection Sites

Aset of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from old pasture sites in northern New South Wales was characterised in situ at the collection sites and under uniform glasshouse conditions, and then evaluated for agronomic merit in the field. The data were examined to determine whether ecotype development through genetic differentiation had occurred in these white clover populations, and to assess their potential value for future breeding. Environmental conditions at the collection sites represented a wide diversity of rainfall, altitude, soil type, companion grass, and grazing intensity conditions. The populations generally were found to be medium-leaf and mid- to late-flowering and derived from early New Zealand introductions to Australia. The populations showed significant (P < 0.05) variation in morphological characteristics (leaf size and stolon characters) and this variation was expressed in all 3 environments. It was concluded that significant genetic differentiation affecting stolon and flowering characteristics had occurred, with implications for agronomic value. A small cluster of the populations was found to possess useful characteristics for white clover breeding where persistence in dryland environments is the primary breeding objective.

A review of the introduction and use of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Australia —significance for breeding objectives

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lane ◽  
J. F. Ayres ◽  
J. V. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
New South ◽  
Major Significance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Breeding Objectives ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pasture Legume

Summary. White clover was introduced to Australia with the early European settlers in the late 18th century and is now the most valuable pasture legume in high rainfall temperate regions of Australia. Through a process of ingress and naturalising in conjunction with pastoral expansion during the 19th century and widespread pasture improvement in the 20th century, white clover now occupies 6 million hectares in Australia and is of major significance for the sheep, beef cattle and dairy industries. This paper describes these historical influences on formation of the white clover zone in Australia and the continuing requirement for better adapted cultivars in key agro-geographic regions, with particular close reference to the northern tablelands of New South Wales—the most extensive dryland region. These considerations provide a basis for defining breeding objectives for white clover improvement in Australia.

The recovery of fertilizer phosphorus by wheat, its agronomic efficiency, and their relationship to soil phosphorus

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
AD Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Maximum Profit ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Extractable Soil

Phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat from both soil and fertilizer, the recovery of fertilizer P and its agronomic efficiency, and the fertilizer P required for maximum profit were measured in 55 wheat fertilizer experiments during 1986-89 in the northern and central wheat belts of New South Wales. Moisture conditions during crop growth had a dominant effect on all these parameters, whose values were generally highest in the wettest year (1988) and much lower in the driest year (1989). Lactate-extractable soil P was well correlated with each of these parameters, there being a different relationship for the 3 years of adequate rainfall (1986-88) from that for the very dry year: in general, the values of each parameter in the dry year were about half the values in the wetter years. Recovery of fertilizer P in the grain was very low and declined at increasing levels of soil P from about 13% at 1 mg/kg to 2% at 50 mg/kg in 1986-88. This indicates high potential levels of fertilizer P residues in this soil/climatic environment. Fertilizer P required for maximum profit was much better correlated (r2 = 0.50) with soil P than was the requirement for 90% of maximum yield (r2 = 0.30), and the latter did not differentiate between the moist and dry years.

Soil-extractable sulfur and pasture response to applied sulfur

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Anderson ◽  
R. D. B. Lefroy ◽  
G. J. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Organic S ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Soil Sulfur ◽  
The Relationship

Summary. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the correlation between various soil sulfur (S) extractants and pasture response to applied S grown under controlled environmental conditions (glasshouse) as influenced by variations in levels of extractable S. Intact paired soil cores were collected at 2-month intervals from an S x P factorial experiment at 4 field sites on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales on 11 occasions. Soil samples were collected from each core and the cores placed in the glasshouse. Sulfur was applied to one core of each pair and basal nutrients applied to all cores which were then oversown with white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa). The extractable S in the soil was analysed using the following techniques: 0.1 mol Ca(H2PO4)2/L (MCPt); 0.1 mol Ca(H2PO4)2/L, treated with activated charcoal (MCPi); water (H2O); 0.25 mol KCl/L, heated at 40°C for 3 h (KCl-40); 0.25 mol KCl/L, heated at 100°C for 4 h (KCl-100); 0.5 mol NaHCO3/L (NaHCO3); and an acid digestion of the soil (total). Dry matter yield and S content of the pasture shoots were measured for each 2-month growth period. The relationship between the various soil S extraction techniques and the response of pasture to applied S varied over time and was influenced by the level of inorganic S present in the soil and the amount of organic S extracted. When the level of MCPi-extractable S ranged between 2 and 22 µg S/g soil due to the application of fertiliser (summer 1987–88 and autumn 1988), or after a period of high mineralisation rates (spring 1988), the MCPi, MCPt, H2O and KCl-40 techniques had the highest correlation with the increase in S content of the pasture when S was applied. The higher correlation for the MCPt, H2O and KCl-40 techniques than the MCPi technique indicates that plants obtained some S from the organic S pool. In contrast, when the levels of MCPi-extractable S ranged between 2 and 10 µg S/g soil and the rate of mineralisation increased in response to an increase in soil temperature (June 1988 and June 1989) or moisture (September 1989) upon transfer of samples from the field to the glasshouse, the MCPt, H2O and KCl-40 techniques underestimated the available S pool and had lower r2 values than either the KCl-100 or NaHCO3 techniques.

scholarly journals   Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on phosphorus efficiency of wheat grown in an Inceptisol of subtropical India

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
A. Swarup ◽  
A.K. Patra ◽  
J.U. Chandrakala ◽  
K.M. Manjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Utilization

In a phytotron experiment, wheat was grown under two levels of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> [ambient (385 ppm) vs. elevated (650 ppm)], two levels of temperature (ambient vs. ambient +3&deg;C) superimposed with three levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization: 0, 100, and 200% of recommended dose. Various measures of P acquisition and utilization efficiency were estimated at crop maturity. In general, dry matter yields of all plant parts increased under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (EC) and decreased under elevated temperature (ET); however, under concurrently elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature (ECT), root (+36%) and leaf (+14.7%) dry weight increased while stem (&ndash;12.3%) and grain yield (&ndash;17.3%) decreased, leading to a non-significant effect on total biomass yield. Similarly, total P uptake increased under EC and decreased under ET, with an overall increase of 17.4% under ECT, signifying higher P requirements by plants grown thereunder. Although recovery efficiency of applied P fertilizer increased by 27%, any possible benefit of this increase was negated by the reduced physiological P efficiency (PPE) and P utilization efficiency (PUtE) under ECT. Overall, there was ~17% decline in P use efficiency (PUE) (i.e. grain yield/applied P) of wheat under ECT. &nbsp;

Survey of the productivity, composition and estimated inputs of fixed nitrogen by pastures in central-western New South Wales

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bowman ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
South Wales

Total productivity and legume nitrogen fixation (N2 fixation) in dryland pastures were examined in a 2 year study (1999–2001) on 118 farms in central-western New South Wales. Pasture exclosure cages, placed at 217 on-farm sites, were harvested on 7 occasions and the foliage hand-sorted according to species in order to measure shoot dry matter (DM). The separated legume shoot material collected in spring 1999 (52 different legume samples) and 2000 (76 different legume samples) from a subset of representative pastures (41 cages on 28 different farms in 1999, 32 cages on 25 different farms in 2000) was also analysed for concentration of nitrogen (%N) and 15N natural abundance. These data were subsequently used to calculate the proportion of the legume shoot N derived from atmospheric N (%Ndfa), comparative measures of the relative efficiency of N2 fixation (kg N fixed/t DM accumulated) and the amounts of shoot N fixed (kg N/ha). The survey encompassed 8 common pasture types, and 5 others that were less common, ranging from native perennial grass pastures with little legume content to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures with and without companion clovers. Fifteen legume species were found in the pastures, some only occasionally. Lucerne and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were the only perennials. Mean spring estimates of %Ndfa were similar in 1999 and 2000 for lucerne (72 and 81%, respectively), rose clover (T. hirtum All., 82 and 77%) and annual medics (Medicago spp., 89 and 86%). For the remaining 12 legume species, measures of %Ndfa ranged from 64 to 95% and averaged 83%. Shoot %N contents were greater for lucerne than for the other 14 legumes and this was reflected in the comparative measures of N2 fixation which ranged from 14.5 kg N/t DM for rose clover to 25.7 kg N/t DM for lucerne in 2000. The most productive pasture type comprised lucerne plus balansa clover [T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss.) Azn.], white clover or arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), but all pasture types that contained lucerne were highly productive. Spring was the most productive season and summer the least. Lucerne was overwhelmingly the most productive legume and was responsible for >83% of the fixed N in those pastures that contained both lucerne and other legumes. Lucerne productivity was approximately uniform throughout the year whereas, for other pastures, especially those based on rose clover or subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.), there were sharp peaks in spring and little or no dry matter production over summer. The presence of lucerne in pastures significantly (P<0.05) reduced broadleaf weeds. It was concluded that, where there are requirements in central-western New South Wales agriculture for uniform forage production throughout the year and a high input of fixed N, lucerne is substantially superior to other species.

The role of stolons and seedlings in the persistence and production of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Huia) in temperate pastures on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Plant Frequency ◽  
Temperate Pastures

This paper reports the findings of a five-year study on the growth patterns, production and means of persistence of white clover in a cool temperate environment with summer dominant rainfall, on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. White clover essentially persisted as a perennial, but large and rapid declines in plant frequency occurred during late summer if soil moisture levels became depleted. The critical combination of conditions at which plant frequency was adversely affected occurred when available soil moisture levels declined below 35 mm and mean weekly maximum temperatures exceeded 20�C; conditions which often occur in late summer in this environment. During one prolonged period of moisture stress in the second spring and summer period of the study, all plants died. Regeneration was due to germination of seeds and seedling establishment, but plants subsequently persisted as perennials. Relationships were developed to predict the probability of survival of white clover over the range of temperatures and soil moistures recorded in these experiments. Germination occurred to a variable extent each year, but was observed only during winter and spring. Seedling establishment was effective in only one year, which followed the death of white clover in summer, 1980-81. The sward was slow to recover after seedling regeneration owing to low winter temperatures and competition from established temperate perennial grasses in spring. Seedlings contributed little to dry matter production in spring. These results indicate that white clover is unlikely to be of value as an annual in temperate pastures. Strategies aimed at improving white clover in cool temperate environments, either by management or selection/breeding programs, should therefore focus upon improving the ability of white clover to persist as a perennial.

Production of two species and two interspecific hybrids of phalaris under irrigation in south-west New South Wales

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Read ◽  
JV Lovett
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
South West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Production

Two phalaris hybrids (Siro 11 46 and allopolyploid) and the parent lines (Phalaris aquatica and P. arundinacea) were compared in monoculture with nitrogen fertilizer and in a mixed sward with white clover and lucerne. The experiment was flood irrigated and the effects of defoliating the swards at intervals of 21, 42 and 84 days were measured. The hybrid (Siro 11 46) was the most productive genotype at all defoliation intervals. Eighty one % of its annual yield occurred in spring and summer. This production imbalance renders Siro 11 46 unsuitable as the foundation of a pasture for high production throughout the year. The mixed sward produced more than the monoculture sward when defoliated every 21 or 42 days and there was increased production associated with increased defoliation interval. The monoculture sward was more productive than the mixed sward at an 84 day defoliation interval. The yield of Siro 1146 + white clover was 2.25 t ha-1 per 84 days, compared with a mean yield of phalaris + white clover of 1.78 t ha-1 per 84 days for the three other genotypes. The results indicate that Siro 11 46 grown with white clover and defoliated approximately every 42 days would be a suitable alternative pasture to Paspalum dilatatum and white clover in the two-pasture system used in irrigation areas of southern New South Wales. The problems of low acceptability and suspected toxicity of Siro 1146 are discussed.

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