Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. II. Growth, yield and nitrogen use

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stapper ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Irrigated Wheat

Sowing date, sowing rate and row spacing effects were studied on irrigated wheat crops at Griffith, N.S.W. during 1983-85 using genotypes differing in maturity, stature and genetic background. The aim was to identify better management practices and genotypes through a better understanding of development and growth of wheat grown under high-yielding conditions. Maximum yield was up to 891 g/m2. The average yield reduction was 50 g/m2 or 6% per 1-week delay in anthesis after 1 October, but varied between 2 and 23%, depending on the season. Lodging was a significant problem in all three years, with less lodging for later sowing dates, earlier maturity types or shorter stature. Plant spacing, through variations in row spacing (17-45 cm) or sowing rate (50-200 kg/ha) did not significantly affect grain yields, but lodging was reduced by increased row spacing and reduced sowing rate. Dry weight at anthesis (600-1 500 g/m2) explained 65% of the variation in lodging, with severe lodging risks for weights over 900 g/m2. Harvest index improved with later sowing or earlier maturity and was, among genotypes within a sowing, negatively correlated with anthesis date, height, lodging score and final leaf number on the main stem. Nitrogen uptake usually ceased before anthesis. Genotypic differences in grain protein concentrations of more than 2% were found. Some genotypes combined high yield with high grain protein concentration (e.g. 717 g/m2, 14.1% protein). Significant genotype effects on spike density, kernel weight, kernel growth rate, and number of kernels per m2, per spike and per g chaff weight were identified, but none seemed to restrict yield. There was much compensation between traits. For example, high kernel numbers (per g chaff, spike or m2) were associated with low kernel weights and vice versa, both within and between genotypes. It was concluded that short-stature, early-maturing, low spike-bearing cultivars are most suited to high-yielding conditions from any sowing date, provided flowering occurs after late September, as such crops have a reduced lodging risk and use assimilates and N most efficiently. Genotypes were highly adaptable and many morphogenetic traits differed widely between genotypes, but were usually similar among dwarf or semidwarf, and among early or late maturing genotypes.

Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. III. Potential yields and optimum flowering dates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stapper ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Late Sowing

Experiments were undertaken at Griffith, N.S.W., using a range of genotypes, sowing dates and plant spacing to identify management strategies and genotypes that would increase irrigated wheat yields and minimize lodging risk. Results are used in this paper in an analysis of potential yield and optimum anthesis date, as influenced by temperature, irradiance, sowing date and genotype. Lodging duration was used to predict potential yields in absence of lodging from the lodging-affected yields in the study. Lodging duration between 7 days after mid-anthesis and maturity was found to best explain early and late lodging effects on yield. Yield reductions due to lodging were up to 45%. Predicted potential yields (Yp) were 800-950 g/m2 and the end of the optimum anthesis period varied from year to year. Average temperature (T, �C) and total irradiance (+R, MJ/m2) for a preanthesis period of 500�C days (>3�C) or a maximum of 60 days explained 61% of the variation in Yp: Yp=981 - 53.4T+ 0.51 +R (g/m2). Using historical weather data and frost risk restrictions indicated an optimum anthesis period between 22 September and 10 October when average predicted yields were reasonably stable. Flowering after mid-October caused reductions in average predicted yield of 70 g/m2 or 11 % per 1-week delay in anthesis. Kernel weights decreased by 5% per 1�C above 14�C, but this decrease was also associated with increased kernel numbers. High-yields under irrigation can only be achieved consistently and efficiently with lodging resistant (short, stiff stems) or avoiding (early maturing) genotypes. Very early maturing types for late sowing dates are currently not commercially available. Adjusted management practices (e.g. relatively late sowing) and lower target yields are recommended for current lodging susceptible varieties.

Agronomic studies on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the dry season of the tropics. II. Interaction of sowing date and sowing density

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Mayers ◽  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Precocious Flowering

An analysis was undertaken of the development, growth and seed yield of irrigated soybean crops grown during the dry season in the semi-arid tropics of north-western Australia, to establish whether constraints to seed yield induced by precocious flowering could be overcome agronomically by manipulating sowing date and/or sowing density. Three agronomically improved cultivars and a later-flowering landrace cultivar were tested using irrigation, fertility and pest management practices designed to minimize constraints to yield. Maximum seed yields were 3.5-4.0 t ha-1, with large genotype x sowing date x sowing density interaction. Analysis of vegetative growth showed that higher sowing densities stimulated more rapid leaf area development and earlier canopy closure, and enhanced total biomass production. However, very high sowing densities were needed to maximize yields of most genotypes, while lodging precluded high yield being realized from the greater biomass production of high density sowings of the landrace genotype. Delaying sowing from April to June delayed flowering, increased biomass production and marginally enhanced yields, but not sufficiently to offset potential problems caused by maturation into hot dry conditions prior to the wet season. It was concluded that agronomic strategies alone were insufficient to overcome the constraints to yield of present soybean genotypes in the dry season.

Effect of sowing time on yield and agronomic characteristics of wheat in south-eastern Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Gomez-Macpherson ◽  
RA Richards
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The main environmental constraints to the yield of dryland wheat in south-eastern Australia are: a low and erratic rainfall throughout the growing season, the chance of frost at flowering time, and high temperatures during the grain-filling period. The aims of this work were threefold. Firstly, to determine which sowing period minimizes these constraints and results in the highest yields. Secondly, what is the optimum flowering time for a given sowing date so that maximum yield is achieved. The third aim was to determine whether any crop characteristic was associated with high yield or may limit yield in the different sowings. The experiments were conducted at three sites in New South Wales that were representative of dry (Condobolin) and cooler and wetter (Moombooldool, Wagga Wagga) sites in the south-eastern wheatbelt. In this study several sets of isogenic material, involving a total of 23 genotypes, that were similar in all respects except for flowering time, were sown early (mid-April and early May), normal (mid to late May) and late (June to mid July). Characteristics of the highest-yielding lines in each experiment are presented. The average flowering time of the highest yielding lines in all sowings had a range of only 12 days at the driest site, but a range of over 20 days at the coolest and wettest site. The optimum anthesis date (day of year, y) was related to sowing date (day of year, doy) at the cooler sites such that: y = 245+0.32 doy (r2 = 0.86) and at Condobolin, y = 253+0.19 doy (r2 = 0.91). Optimum anthesis date expressed in thermal time (�C days) after sowing (y) was related to sowing time (doy) as follows: y = 2709 -8-3 doy (r2 = 0.84). It is suggested that these relationships are likely to be quite robust and should hold true for similar thermal environments in eastern Australia. There was little variation in grain yield between the earliest sowing in mid-April (108 doy) and sowings throughout May (up to 147 doy). Grain yield declined 1.3% per day that sowing was delayed after late May. Aboveground biomass was substantially higher in early sown crops. However, this did not translate into higher yields. From the evidence presented it is argued that the principal reason that greater yields were not obtained in the early sowings, particularly in the April sowing, was the greater competition for assimilates between the growing spike and the elongating stem. It is suggested that a way of overcoming this competition is to genetically shorten the stems of winter wheats. This should capitalize on the considerable advantages in terms of water use efficiency that early sowing offers and result in greater yields. Barley yellow dwarf virus, although present at the cooler, wettest site in one year, was more frequent in the later sowings than in the early sowing and was not likely to have contributed to the lower than expected yields in the early sowings.

scholarly journals Impact of Sowing Date Induced Temperature and Management Practices on Development Events and Yield of Mustard

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
MSA Khan ◽  
MA Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Mustard Crop ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Sowing

The experiment was conducted at the research field of the Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during rabi season of 2014-2015 to find out the relationship between different development events of mustard crop and sowing dates induced temperature as well as to minimize the yield reduction of the crop by adopting appropriate management practices. The mustard var. BARI Sarisha-15 was sown on 06, 25 November and 14 December 2014. Crop accumulated lower growing degree days (GDD) i.e., 72.15, 521.10 and 1070 to 1154 °C were observed for the events of emergence, 50 % flowering and maturity on 14 December sowing. Late sown plants took minimum time from flowering to maturity (36 days) due to increased temperature and high variability in both maximum and minimum temperature. The highest seed yield (1569 kg ha-1) was recorded from 06 November sowing with high management practices while the lowest seed yield (435 kg ha-1) from 14 December sowing with low management practices. At high management practices the crop yielded 1183 kg ha-1 at 14 December sowing. Yield reduction at late sowing condition was reduced to some extent with high management practices. The seed yield reductions at 14 December sowing as compared to high management practices at 06 November sowing were 72, 43 and 25% under low, medium and high management, respectively.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(2): 45-52

Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. I. Phasic development, canopy growth and spike production

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 997 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stapper ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irrigated Wheat

Sowing date, sowing rate and row spacing effects were studied on high input crops at Griffith, N.S.W., between 1983 and 1985 using 25 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and 3 triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack). The aim was to identify improved management practices and genotypes through a better understanding of development and growth of irrigated wheat grown under high-yielding conditions. The genotypes were chosen to represent a wide range in genetic background, maturity and stature. Growing period durations were between 208 days and 100 days for early April and mid-August sowings, respectively, with differences in anthesis dates within sowing dates of up to 45 days. Genotypes were classified into six major maturity groups. There was no maturity type that could flower close to 1 October from a wide range of sowing dates since anthesis was delayed by 0.3 to 0.5 days per 1-day delay in sowing. Increased daylength sensitivity tended to delay anthesis relative to the timing of floral initiation and terminal spikelet formation. The end of tillering was generally associated with the attainment of 50-60% light interception rather than a given development stage of the inflorescence. Spike density was not closely related to maximum tiller number but depended on genotype, environment and plant density. Leaf appearance rate was influenced by environment and genotype, but was independent of spike development. For a given final leaf number, internode elongation started at a later leaf number for later sowing dates, resulting in reductions in both node number and height. Crop height decreased by up to 5 cm per 1-week delay in anthesis date. The period of full light interception decreased from 133 days to 43 days between April and August sowings, respectively. The timing of reproductive development determined the green area duration, but the initial development and size of the canopy was less affected by it, because of adjustments in number and type of tillers, and size and thickness of leaves. The development and maintenance of an adequate canopy was not restricted by earliness, shortness or low sowing rates (50 kg seed/ha) for April-July sowing dates.

Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LV Subba Rao ◽  
RA Fiyaz ◽  
AK Jukanti ◽  
G Padmavathi ◽  
J Badri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Rice Improvement ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

scholarly journals Individual and Combined Effects of Planting Date, Seeding Rate, Relative Maturity, and Row Spacing on Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Peder K. Schmitz ◽  
Hans J. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering

Planting date (PD), seeding rate (SR), relative maturity (RM) of cultivars, and row spacing (RS) are primary management factors affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. The individual and synergistic effects of PD, SR, RM, and RS on seed yield and agronomic characteristics in North Dakota were herein investigated. Early and late PD, early and late RM cultivars, two SR (408,000 and 457,000 seed ha−1), and two RS (30.5 and 61 cm) were evaluated in four total environments in 2019 and 2020. Maximizing green canopy cover prior to the beginning of flowering improved seed yield. Individual factors of early PD and narrow RS resulted in yield increase of 311 and 266 kg ha−1, respectively. The combined factors of early PD, late RM, high SR, and narrow RS improved yield by 26% and provided a $350 ha−1 partial profit over conventional practices. Canopy cover and yield had relatively weak relationships with r2 of 0.36, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.21 at the two trifoliolate, four trifoliolate, beginning of flowering, and beginning of pod formation soybean growth stages, respectively. Producers in the most northern soybean region of the USA should combine early planting, optimum RM cultivars, 457,000 seed ha−1 SR, and 31 cm RS to improve yield and profit compared to current management practices.

scholarly journals Responses of Branch Number and Yield Component of Soybean Cultivars Tested in Different Planting Densities

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Cailong Xu ◽  
Ruidong Li ◽  
Wenwen Song ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pod Number

Increasing planting density is one of the key management practices to enhance soybean yield. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 including six planting densities and two soybean cultivars to determine the effects of planting density on branch number and yield, and analyze the contribution of branches to yield. The yield of ZZXA12938 was 4389 kg ha−1, which was significantly higher than that of ZH13 (+22.4%). In combination with planting year and cultivar, the soybean yield increased significantly by 16.2%, 31.4%, 41.4%, and 46.7% for every increase in density of 45,000 plants ha−1. Yield will not increase when planting density exceeds 315,000 plants ha−1. A correlation analysis showed that pod number per plant increased with the increased branch number, while pod number per unit area decreased; thus, soybean yield decreased. With the increase of branch number, the branch contribution to yield increased first, and then plateaued. ZH13 could produce a high yield under a lower planting density due to more branches, while ZZXA12938 had a higher yield potential under a higher planting density due to the smaller branch number and higher tolerance to close planting. Therefore, seed yield can be increased by selecting cultivars with a little branching capacity under moderately close planting.

Using saline reclaimed water on almond grown in Mediterranean conditions: deficit irrigation strategies and salinity effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi ◽  
Salvatore Camposeo ◽  
Giuseppe Lopriore ◽  
Cristina Romero-Trigueros ◽  
Francisco Pedrero Salcedo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Almond Trees

Abstract The main objective of this study was to acquire agronomic knowledge about the effects of irrigation with saline reclaimed (RW) and desalinated DESERT (DW) water and different irrigation strategies: control full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on leaf nutrients, tree growth and fruit quality and yield of almond trees in pots. Our results showed that RW had the highest concentration of some valuable agronomic nutrients such as N, but also of phytotoxic elements (Na and Cl−). Na leaf concentration on RW treatments reached toxic levels, especially under RDI, and toxicity symptoms were shown. Regarding tree growth, cumulate trunk diameter on RW-RDI was significantly lower than on the control treatment and shoot growth was reduced from the beginning of the irrigation season in RW treatments. Maximum yield was reached on RW-FI, 18% higher than the control treatment. However, RDI strategies influenced negatively on yield, being 23% less in RW and 7% less in DW although water productivity was not significantly reduced by water stress. These findings manifest that the combination of RW and RDI can be a promising future practice for almond irrigation, but long-term studies to establish suitable management practices must be developed.

scholarly journals A co-cultivation process of Nannochloropsis oculata and Tisochrysis lutea induces morpho-physiological and biochemical variations potentially useful for biotechnological purposes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Maglie ◽  
Costanza Baldisserotto ◽  
Alessandra Guerrini ◽  
Alessandra Sabia ◽  
Lorenzo Ferroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Production ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Tisochrysis Lutea ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cell Extracts

AbstractThe biotechnological potential of microalgae has gained considerable importance in many applied fields: biomass production for food and feed, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical products, energy and phytoremediation. The driving force that inspires the progress in microalgae production is the need for new cultivation systems to obtain simultaneously the maximum yield, reduction of water and nutrients use, and production of economically interesting molecules, such as pigments, fatty acids and polysaccharides. We aim to test, for the first time, the co-cultivation in saline medium of Tisochrysis lutea (Haptophyta) and Nannochloropsis oculata (Ochrophyta) to obtain valuable compounds, i.e. pigments and lipids characteristic of each species, using a single culture process. Mono-cultures of each strain were used as controls. The two strains showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids in co-culture. At the end of the experiment, the fatty acid profile was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The lipids in the co-cultivated cell extracts were mainly attributable to N. oculata, which represented 97% of the total cells (ca. 83% of the total biomass) at the end of the experiment. Nevertheless, the ω-3 characteristic of T. lutea (DHA and SDA, absent in N. oculata) was also detectable. Although the co-cultivation of these two phylogenetically different species of microalgae did not show positive effects on the growth and on the total lipid production, however, this process resulted in a reduction of the production costs and a lower consumption of water and nutrients.

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