Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. I. Phasic development, canopy growth and spike production

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 997 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stapper ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irrigated Wheat

Sowing date, sowing rate and row spacing effects were studied on high input crops at Griffith, N.S.W., between 1983 and 1985 using 25 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and 3 triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack). The aim was to identify improved management practices and genotypes through a better understanding of development and growth of irrigated wheat grown under high-yielding conditions. The genotypes were chosen to represent a wide range in genetic background, maturity and stature. Growing period durations were between 208 days and 100 days for early April and mid-August sowings, respectively, with differences in anthesis dates within sowing dates of up to 45 days. Genotypes were classified into six major maturity groups. There was no maturity type that could flower close to 1 October from a wide range of sowing dates since anthesis was delayed by 0.3 to 0.5 days per 1-day delay in sowing. Increased daylength sensitivity tended to delay anthesis relative to the timing of floral initiation and terminal spikelet formation. The end of tillering was generally associated with the attainment of 50-60% light interception rather than a given development stage of the inflorescence. Spike density was not closely related to maximum tiller number but depended on genotype, environment and plant density. Leaf appearance rate was influenced by environment and genotype, but was independent of spike development. For a given final leaf number, internode elongation started at a later leaf number for later sowing dates, resulting in reductions in both node number and height. Crop height decreased by up to 5 cm per 1-week delay in anthesis date. The period of full light interception decreased from 133 days to 43 days between April and August sowings, respectively. The timing of reproductive development determined the green area duration, but the initial development and size of the canopy was less affected by it, because of adjustments in number and type of tillers, and size and thickness of leaves. The development and maintenance of an adequate canopy was not restricted by earliness, shortness or low sowing rates (50 kg seed/ha) for April-July sowing dates.

Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. III. Potential yields and optimum flowering dates

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stapper ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Late Sowing

Experiments were undertaken at Griffith, N.S.W., using a range of genotypes, sowing dates and plant spacing to identify management strategies and genotypes that would increase irrigated wheat yields and minimize lodging risk. Results are used in this paper in an analysis of potential yield and optimum anthesis date, as influenced by temperature, irradiance, sowing date and genotype. Lodging duration was used to predict potential yields in absence of lodging from the lodging-affected yields in the study. Lodging duration between 7 days after mid-anthesis and maturity was found to best explain early and late lodging effects on yield. Yield reductions due to lodging were up to 45%. Predicted potential yields (Yp) were 800-950 g/m2 and the end of the optimum anthesis period varied from year to year. Average temperature (T, �C) and total irradiance (+R, MJ/m2) for a preanthesis period of 500�C days (>3�C) or a maximum of 60 days explained 61% of the variation in Yp: Yp=981 - 53.4T+ 0.51 +R (g/m2). Using historical weather data and frost risk restrictions indicated an optimum anthesis period between 22 September and 10 October when average predicted yields were reasonably stable. Flowering after mid-October caused reductions in average predicted yield of 70 g/m2 or 11 % per 1-week delay in anthesis. Kernel weights decreased by 5% per 1�C above 14�C, but this decrease was also associated with increased kernel numbers. High-yields under irrigation can only be achieved consistently and efficiently with lodging resistant (short, stiff stems) or avoiding (early maturing) genotypes. Very early maturing types for late sowing dates are currently not commercially available. Adjusted management practices (e.g. relatively late sowing) and lower target yields are recommended for current lodging susceptible varieties.

Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. S. Sampaio ◽  
R. Battisti ◽  
M. A. Lana ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

A comparative analysis of the growth of sweet and forage sorghum crops. II. Accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 513 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ferraris ◽  
DA Charles-Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
Density Effects ◽  
Sowing Dates

Well-watered crops of sweet sorghum (cv. Wray) and forage sorghum (cv. Silk) were grown in south-eastern Queensland. Treatments consisted of four sowing dates, two intra-row spacings and harvests taken at six physiological growth stages from the third ligule to 3 weeks after grain maturity. Plant density effects on the concentration of sugars and nitrogen were slight, and changes in yields of these components were a function of density effects on dry matter yields. At any growth stage, the concentration of sugars in both cultivars was decreased with delay in sowing date. The delay in sowing date led to an increased nitrogen concentration in cv. Wray, but in cv. Silk the nitrogen concentration was highest in early and late sowings. At maturity, the concentration of sugars in cv. Wray averaged 40'70, 10 times the level in cv. Silk. In both cultivars, accumulation was a near linear function of either time or radiation sum. The partitioning of carbohydrate differed little between cultivars but altered with their ontogeny. The efficiency of light use for sugars production was greater in cv. Wray and altered with ontogeny. In contrast, concentration of nitrogen was similar for both cultivars and decreased curvilinearly with time or degree days. The partitioning of nitrogen altered with ontogeny and the amount partitioned to leaf material was greater in cv. Silk pre-anthesis but was less post-anthesis. Yield of stem sugars in cv. Wray exceeded 10 t ha-1 when the crops were sown early in the season, but was only 3 t ha-1 with late-sown crops.

scholarly journals Effects of the cropyear and the agronomical factors on agronomical elements of different sweet corn (Zea Mays L. convar. saccharata Koern.) genotypes in long-term experiment

2012 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Ádám Lente
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
The University

In the crop season of 2010 (rainy year), we studied the effect of three agrotechnical factors (sowing time, fertilization, plant density) and four different genotypes on the agronomical characteristics of sweet corn on chernozem soil in the Hajdúság. The experiments were carried out at the Látókép Experimental Farm of the University of Debrecen. In the experiment, two sowing dates (27 April, 26 May), six fertilization levels (control, N30+PK, N60+PK, N90+PK, N120+PK, N150+PK) and four genotypes (Jumbo, Enterprise, Prelude, Box-R) were used at two plant densities (45 thousand plants ha-1, 65 thousand plants ha-1). The amount of precipitation in the season of 2010 was 184 mm higher, while the average temperature was 0.8 oC higher in the studied months than the average of 30 years. Weather was more favourable for sweet maize at the first sowing date, if we consider the yields, however, if we evaluate the agronomical data and yield elements (number of cobs, cob length and diameter, the number of kernel rows, the number of kernels per row) it can be stated that the size of the fertile cobs was greater at the second sowing date due to the lower number of cobs. The largest number of fertile cobs was harvested in the case of the hybrid Enterprise (72367.9 ha-1) in the higher plant density treatment (65 thousand ha-1) at the fertilization level of N120+PK when the first sowing date was applied. The largest cobs were harvested from the hybrid Box-R (cob weight with husks: 516.7 g, number of kernels in one row: 45.7) at the lower plant density (45 thousand plants ha-1) in the second sowing date treatment. Cob diameter and the number of kernel rows were the highest for the hybrid Prelude.

scholarly journals Effect of Sowing Date and Harvest Schedule on Organic Spinach Grown during the Winter in High Tunnels

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-329
Author(s):  
Robert F. Heyduck ◽  
Steven J. Guldan ◽  
Ivette Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Direct Marketing ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
High Tunnels

In a two-part study, we examined the effect of sowing date and harvest schedule on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown during the winter in 16 × 32-ft-high tunnels in northern New Mexico. Each part of the study was conducted for two growing seasons and took place between 2012 and 2015. In Study A (2012–13 and 2013–14), spinach was sown four times at roughly 2-week intervals (mid-October, early November, mid-November, and early December) and plant density (plants per square foot), plant height (centimeters), and yield (grams per square foot) were measured for three harvests in mid-January, mid-February, and mid-March. The earliest sowing date had the least-dense stands, and plant density increased with each subsequent sowing. The two earliest sowing dates had significantly higher season-long yield than the later two sowings. In Study B (2013–14 and 2014–15), all plots were sown in mid-October, but harvest schedule treatments were staggered such that harvests began at 9, 11, 13, or 15 weeks after sowing and continued at irregular intervals. Treatment 2, with harvests beginning after 11 weeks, had the greatest season-long yield, slightly greater than when harvests began at 9 weeks, and significantly more than when harvest began 13 weeks or later. More importantly, a staggered harvest schedule can provide spinach weekly for direct marketing opportunities.

scholarly journals The effect of sowing date and plant density on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under different weather conditions

2018 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Ákos Tótin ◽  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University

Maize has high productivity and produces huge vegetative and generative phytomass, but this crop is very sensitive to agroecological (mainly to climatic, partly to pedological conditions) and agrotechnical circumstances. In Hungary, maize is grown on 1.1–1.2 million hectares, the national average yields vary between 4–7 t ha-1 depending on the year and the intensity of production technology. The longterm experiment was set up in 2015–2016 on chernozem soil in the Hajdúság (eastern Hungary). The maize research was set up on chernozem soil at the Látókép MÉK (Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management) research area of the University of Debrecen. We examined the following commonly used hybrids of Hungary: SY ARIOSO (FAO 300), P9074 (FAO 310), P9486 (FAO 360), SY Octavius (FAO 400), GK Kenéz (FAO 410), DKC 4943 (FAO 410). The experiment was set up in three different plant densities. These were 60, 76, 90 thousand plant ha-1. The experiment was set up with three different sowing dates, early, average and late sowing. The yield was measured using a special plot harvester (Sampo Rosenlew 2010), measuring the weight of the harvested plot and also taking a sample from it. As a next step, we calculated the yield (t ha-1) of each plot at 14% of moisture content to compare them to each other. We evaluated the obtained data using Microsoft Excel 2015.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting of four sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-270
Author(s):  
Entessar Al-Jbawi ◽  
Waeel Sabsabi ◽  
Gharibo Gharibo ◽  
Abd El-Muhsien Al-Sayed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Autumn Sowing ◽  
Plot Design

This experiment was conducted in Homs Agricultural Research Station, Homs, Syria during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to study the effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting for four sugar beet varieties, tow are monogerm varieties i.e. Parade and Etna, while the other are multigerm varieties i.e. Nadir and Mammoth. Three sowing dates were applied, began from 15/9 to 15/10, the interval between the sowing dates was 15 days. Three plant densities were executed (133 000, 100 000 and 80 000 plantha-1). Split plot design was used with three replicates. The combined analysis exhibited the significant effect of varieties (V), sowing dates (S), and plant densities (D) on all types of bolting (Early, medium, late and total). Least significant test (L.S.D 0.05) clarified that early autumn sowing (15/9 and 1/10) increased total bolting percent 74.86 and 44.88 % respectively, as compared with date (15/10) 15.57% (control). The plant density (133 000 plant ha-1) decreased total bolting percent 43.56% as compared with the other plant densities (80 000 and 100 000 plant ha-1) 46.35 and 45.40% respectively. The results showed that the monogerm varieties were superior and more resistant to bolting as compared with the multigerm ones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12647 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 256-270

scholarly journals Impacts of Future Climate Predictions on Second Season Maize in an Agrosystem on a Biome Transition Region in Mato Grosso State

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina da Silva Andrea ◽  
Rivanildo Dallacort ◽  
João Danilo Barbieri ◽  
Rafael Cesar Tieppo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract Climate change promotes variations in climatic elements necessary for crop growth and development, such as temperature and rainfall, potentially impacting yields of staple crops. The objective of this study was to assess future climate projections, derived from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and their impacts on second season maize in a region of Mato Grosso state. Field experiments in the 15/16 season comprising different sowing dates and hybrids maturities in rainfed conditions were used for crop model adjustment and posterior simulation of experiments. Crop simulations comprised historical (1980-2010) and future (2010-2100) time frames combined with local crop management practices. Results showed decreases of 50-89% in grain yields, with the most pessimistic scenarios at the latest sowing date at the end of the century. Decreases in the duration of crop cycle and in the efficiency of water use were observed, indicating the negative impacts of projected higher temperatures and drier conditions in crop development. Results highlight the unfeasibility of practicing late sowing dates in second season for maize in the future, indicating the necessity of adjusting management practices so that the double-cropping production system is possible.

Size-dependent reproductive effort in Amaranthus retroflexus: the influence of planting density and sowing date

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhui Wang ◽  
Daowei Zhou ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Hongxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Branch Length ◽  
Reproductive Biomass

Size-dependent reproductive effort is an important component of plant fitness. The responses of reproductive effort to environmental factors in Amaranthus retroflexus L. were measured in two experiments. A wide range of selection pressures were generated by manipulating the sowing date (29 April, 23 May, 18 June, and 14 July) and planting density (13.4, 36, 121, and 441 plants·m–2). Allometric analysis between reproductive biomass and vegetative biomass across treatments showed that reproductive effort increased with size in response to different planting densities but decreased with size in sowing dates experiment. The allometric exponent between treatments was not influenced by planting densities but had significant variation with sowing date. Total branch length could explain most of the variation of reproductive accumulation and allocation in planting density experiments. For the plants with different sowing dates, total branch length was the main determinant of reproductive biomass, while reproductive effort mainly depended on the number of primary branches per unit stem mass. Architectural constraints with size result in size-dependent reproduction. Size-dependent reproduction in A. retroflexus was influenced by available resources and environmental conditions through the mechanisms of self-regulation of architectural traits.

scholarly journals Impact of Sowing Date Induced Temperature and Management Practices on Development Events and Yield of Mustard

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
MSA Khan ◽  
MA Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Mustard Crop ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Sowing

The experiment was conducted at the research field of the Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, during rabi season of 2014-2015 to find out the relationship between different development events of mustard crop and sowing dates induced temperature as well as to minimize the yield reduction of the crop by adopting appropriate management practices. The mustard var. BARI Sarisha-15 was sown on 06, 25 November and 14 December 2014. Crop accumulated lower growing degree days (GDD) i.e., 72.15, 521.10 and 1070 to 1154 °C were observed for the events of emergence, 50 % flowering and maturity on 14 December sowing. Late sown plants took minimum time from flowering to maturity (36 days) due to increased temperature and high variability in both maximum and minimum temperature. The highest seed yield (1569 kg ha-1) was recorded from 06 November sowing with high management practices while the lowest seed yield (435 kg ha-1) from 14 December sowing with low management practices. At high management practices the crop yielded 1183 kg ha-1 at 14 December sowing. Yield reduction at late sowing condition was reduced to some extent with high management practices. The seed yield reductions at 14 December sowing as compared to high management practices at 06 November sowing were 72, 43 and 25% under low, medium and high management, respectively.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(2): 45-52

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