The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. I. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Three cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin; Trifolium yanninicum cv. Trikkala) were grown on three copper-deficient soil types at seven rates of copper, applied at sowing, to determine their vegetative and seed yield response to copper fertilizer.On two soil types, symptoms of copper deficiency were apparent where no copper was supplied. On the third, symptoms appeared only in one season, after the site was waterlogged. On the three soil types, the symptoms disappeared when 0.125 kg Cu/ha was applied at sowing. although at this rate vegetative and seed yields were reduced by as much as 44% and 59% respectively.The proposed critical concentration range in youngest open leaf tissue for both diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter and predicting maximum seed yield is 3.0-4.5 mg Cu/kg for Woogenellup and Nungarin subterranean clover. Trikkala subterranean clover had higher critical concentration ranges for diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter (4.0-6.0 mg Culkg) and predicting maximum seed yield (4.5-7.0 mg Cu/kg). It was not clear whether this difference was due to a higher internal requirement for copper of Trikkala or overlying environmental conditions affecting the external copper supply at the time of sampling.For whole top tissue (WT), there was no difference in the critical concentration range between the three cultivars for diagnosing maximum vegetative yield (3.0-4.0 mg Cu/kg). However, the critical concentration in WT for predicting maximum seed yield was higher for Trikkala (5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg) than Woogenellup and Nungarin (3.5-4.5 mg Cu/kg). In the pasture situation, a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when animal requirement is considered.Seed copper concentration for predicting maximum seed or vegetative yield was not a reliable indicator of copper status of subterranean clover.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. II. Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 833
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Critical Range ◽  
Matter Production

Seven rates of copper were applied to the soil prior to the sowing of strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferumL. cv. Palestine) on an alkaline peat deficient in copper. Symptoms of copper deficiency were evident only on the untreated plots where the clover did not set seed nor persist into the second year.Over five years� production, 1.0 kg Cu/ha continued to provide adequate copper, with regular dressings of superphosphate, for maximum dry matter production and seed yield. It was found that seed yield was more sensitive than vegetative dry matter yield to sub-optimal copper supply. At the lowest rate of applied copper (0.125 kg/ha), the vegetative yield ranged from 53% to 80% of the maximum harvest yield, whereas the seed yield ranged from 15% to 50% of maximum yield.For tissue sampled in the spring, the proposed critical range for copper concentration in the youngest open leaf (YOL) for vegetative dry matter production is 3-35 mg Cu/kg whereas that for seed production is 4.5-5.5 mg Cu/kg. At other times of the year the critical concentrations were higher. It was not clear if this was due to environmental conditions or changing internal requirements for copper.The critical copper concentration range in whole top (WT) tissue of 3.0-4.0 mg/kg for vegetative dry matter production could be applied to all samplings. For seed yield the critical range for copper concentration in WT was 4.0-5.0 mg/kg for the spring harvests. The critical copper concentration in seed for seed production was 5.0-6.0 mg/kg. In the pasture situation a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when the animal requirement is considered.

Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of copper supply on distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency by plant analysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Vegetative Development

The effect of copper supply upon the distribution of copper within Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined from early vegetative growth to plant maturity in one glasshouse experiment, and in a second experiment was assessed at early flowering. The copper content of old leaf blades of copper-adequate plants decreased progressively with senescence of the blades. Copper deficiency delayed senescence and export of copper from the older blades so that both the relative and net changes were substantially smaller than for blades of copper-adequate plants. However, copper concentrations in senesced old leaf blades still reflected copper supply. At full senescence these blades contained appreciable quantities and concentrations of copper which contrasted with the low levels found in senesced leaves of wheat and peanuts in previous studies. Copper concentration in whole plant tops was not satisfactory for diagnosing copper deficiency, since the critical concentration decreased with plant age and during late vegetative development 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature developed in the relationship between copper concentration and yield. It is possible that the curvature resulted partly from unusually high concentrations of copper in the old petioles of severely deficient plants. Analysis of copper in young leaf blades provided a sensitive means of diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover. The estimated critical concentration for these blades (3 �g/g for maximum growth) did not change with plant age, at least until early flowering. In early growth, the copper concentration of young leaf blades may be used to forecast impending copper deficiency.

Differential tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) cultivars to broadleaf herbicides. 2. Seed yield and quality

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Sandral ◽  
BS Dear ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of broadleaf herbicides on seed set by Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cultivars was examined at 2 sites (Wagga Wagga and Canowindra) over 2 years. Five commonly used herbicide treatments (bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-DB, MCPA + terbutryn, MCPA + diuron) were applied at 2 rates to 7 cultivars of subterranean clover. Significant site x cultivar x herbicide interactions were observed. Seed yields were either unaffected or depressed by up to 66% at the higher rainfall site (Canowindra), whereas at the lower rainfall site (Wagga Wagga) some herbicide x cultivar combinations showed increases in seed yield up to 115%. The increase in seed yield was greater at the lower herbicide rate. The variation in seed yield with herbicide treatment was largely a result of a change (P<0.001) in the number of seeds set (R = 0.94 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.85 at Canowindra). Seed size was also correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield at both sites but explained less of the variation (R = 0.23 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.47 at Canowindra). The reduction in herbage yield as a result of herbicide application was a poor indicator of the subsequent seed yield response at both sites. Cultivar Trikkala was consistently most tolerant to the herbicide treatments, showing either no change in seed yield at the wetter site or large increases in seed yield at the lower rainfall site. In contrast, the seed yield of Dalkeith was depressed by 2,4-DB at both sites in both years by 39-66%. Increases in seed yield, which were most pronounced in cultivars of midseason maturity (Trikkala, Junee, Seaton Park) and least in later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Clare) and in the very early flowering Dalkeith, were attributed in part to a water-saving effect of the herbicide treatments. Cultivar maturity ranking was negatively correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield (R=-0.73 at Wagga Wagga; R=-0.45 at Canowindra). The germination percentage of seed produced by the cultivars was unaffected by herbicide treatment, although the number of abnormal radicles formed by germinating seed was higher in the 2,4-DB and MCPA treatments.

Seed production of Trifolium subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum as influenced by soil type and grazing

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Annual Medics

Twenty-six strains of Trifolium subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum were assessed as potential pasture legumes on the 2 major soil types (neutral-slightly acid sandy [sandplain] soils and alkaline mallee soils) near Esperance, W.A. The pH (1 : 5, soil: water, w/v) of the top 10 cm of the sandplain soil was 6.3, and of the mallee soil, 8.2. In ungrazed swards on both soil types, subsp. brachycalycinum buried very few burrs but successfully produced seed in the unburied burrs in the dark, dense canopy of leaves. However, when the swards were grazed up to the start of flowering of the earliest flowering strains, subsp. brachycalycinum produced few burrs and little seed (0-47 kg/ha). By contrast, on the sandplain soils, subsp. subterraneum buried most of its burrs and produced much seed in both ungrazed (390-1050 kg/ha) and grazed (403-987 kg/ha) swards, whereas on the alkaline mallee soils, annual medics (Medicago spp.) produced much seed in unburied burrs in both grazed (506- 1050 kg/ha) and ungrazed (480-730 kg/ha) swards. Grazing may have exposed the developing unburied burrs of subsp. brachycalycinum to light, which is known to inhibit the development of burrs and seed. There was no relationship between seed yield and maturity for strains of subsp. brachycalycinum in ungrazed swards on both soils.

AGWEST Sothis: Trifolium dasyurum (eastern star clover)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Loi ◽  
B. J. Nutt ◽  
C. K. Revell ◽  
R. Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
World Agriculture ◽  
Annual Medics

Trifolium dasyurum C. Presl. (eastern star clover) is a species native to the eastern Mediterranean regions. AGWEST Sothis is the first cultivar of eastern star clover released to world agriculture. It has high levels of dry matter and seed production and seed can be harvested with modified grain harvesters. AGWEST Sothis is suitable for use on acid and alkaline fine-textured soils in low to medium rainfall areas (325–450 mm) in southern Australia. AGWEST Sothis is an early to mid-maturing variety, flowering ~100 days after emergence in Perth, Australia. Individual seeds weigh ~6 mg. In regenerating stands, AGWEST Sothis germinates very late in the season compared with traditional pasture legumes such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) and weeds. The delay in germination allows the use of non-selective herbicides or intensive grazing after the break of season for a long period 3–6 weeks to obtain >90% control of troublesome crop weeds. In spite of its late germination, AGWEST Sothis grows rapidly in late winter/spring and can become a productive legume-dominant pasture for grazing or forage conservation.

Effects of sowing time and grazing on the dry matter yield, phenology, seed yield, and hardseed levels of annual pasture legumes in western New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Young ◽  
KJ Morthorpe ◽  
HI Nicol ◽  
PH Croft
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Late Sowing

Fifteen annual pasture legumes [Medicago truncatula cvv. Jemalong, Cyprus, Paraggio, Sephi, Parabinga, plus fixed lines SAD 6699, SAD 6766, SAD 7883; M. aculeata lines SAD 2325, SAD 2356; M. scutellata cv. Sava; M. laciniata (cutleaf medic) local ecotype Cl2; Trifolium subterraneum cvv. Nungarin, Dalkeith, Seaton Park] were sown at Condobolin at 6 times in autumn and winter 1986 and periodically grazed at 3 levels of intensity (nil, until flowering, until pod formation). Late sowing greatly reduced (P<0.001) the weight of 50-day-old plants, more so for some varieties (e.g. Cyprus) than others (e.g. Dalkeith, SAD 2325). Seed size accounted for most of the variation (R2 = 0.92) in the weight of plants with 1-2 trifoliate leaves. Total dry matter yields were reduced (P<0.001) by later sowing and grazing, and there were interactions between both of these factors and variety. The subterranean clovers yielded most dry matter and Cyprus and Sava least. Dry matter yields of SAD 6699 and cutleaf medic were reduced least by grazing. Time from sowing until flowering was shorter with later sowing times. With later sowing times, the order of flowering of early-maturing varieties changed, and the difference between the earliest and latest varieties fell from 100 to 11 days. Grazing delayed flowering by up to 2 weeks. All treatments and interactions affected (P<0.001) seed yield. Seed yields were highest (>100 g/m2) in ungrazed early-sown plots and were reduced (P<0.001) at later sowing times by grazing until pod formation for all sowing times for all varieties, and by grazing until flowering for some varieties. Cutleaf medic, Nungarin, and Dalkeith had superior seed yields under adverse conditions of grazing and late sowing. Spring dry matter yields accounted for 90% of the variation in seed yields. There was no optimum dry matter yield for maximum seed yield (except SAD 7883 at 778 g/m2 and cutleaf medic at 275 g/m2) under mild spring conditions, and flowering time did not account for variation (P>0.05) in seed yields at any sowing time. Seeds on previously ungrazed plots progressively softened between 8 December 1986 and 8 March 1987, with those of Jemalong, Cyprus, Parabinga, SAD 6766, cutleaf medic, Dalkeith, and Seaton Park softening more rapidly on later sown plots.

Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 1. Trifolium subterraneum cultivars and lines

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Smoothing Splines ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Predicted Values

Two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum and T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum) evaluation studies were sown in replicated plots. The first study (experiment 1) comprised 30 entries sown in 1993 and 1994 and the second (experiment 2) had 85 entries sown in 1998. Green herbage mass (kg DM/ha) was assessed until spring 2000 (experiment 1) or 2001 (experiment 2). Limited data were also collected in experiment 1 to estimate hardseededness, seed yield and seedling regeneration. For each experiment, green herbage mass was examined using cubic smoothing splines. Plots of initial and final values assisted with data interpretation, and predicted values at the end of each experiment were used to assess significant (P = 0.05) cultivar/line differences. CPI 89846B (York), Junee and Clare performed better (P < 0.05) than Woogenellup, Seaton Park, Rosedale, Nuba and Goulburn (experiment 1, previously cultivated site). For the native pasture site, CPI 89846B, Junee, Clare and Woogenellup were better (P < 0.05) than Goulburn, Nuba and Rosedale. In experiment 2, the three cultivars, Clare, Antas and Rosedale, had similar predicted green herbage mass in spring 2001. In experiment 1, CPI 28012 had the lowest predicted green herbage mass in spring 2000. This line also had low seedling establishment and seed yield in 1993 and low seedling regeneration in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Early maturing cultivars/lines generally performed poorly in experiment 1 and, of the other lines, CPI 70100 performed best. However, in experiment 2, crosses with this line as a parent had variable green herbage mass in spring 2001.

Application of non-selective herbicides during flowering of pasture legumes can reduce seed yield and alter seed characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wallace ◽  
R. A. Lancaster ◽  
N. L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Clover Seed

Summary. Spraytopping, the application of a low rate of non-selective herbicide (usually glyphosate or paraquat) to annual grass seed heads in the spring or early summer for seed set control is widely practised throughout Australia. While grasses are the targets of the spray treatment, annual pasture legumes may also be damaged by spraytopping, particularly if the legumes are flowering at the time of application. The effect of applying glyphosate (90, 112 or 162 g a.i./ha), paraquat (100 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate plus MCPA (90 + 150 g a.i./ha) to subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Dalkeith) and annual medic (Medicago polymorpha L. cvv. Serena, Santiago and Circle Valley) pastures at various times during flowering was investigated during the spring of 1993 and 1994. Experiments were located at Tincurrin and Tenindewa, Western Australia. Subterranean clover seed yield was most affected by applications of glyphosate (90 and 162 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate plus MCPA (90 + 150 g a.i./ha) during early–mid flowering. Seed yield was reduced by as much as 88% following application of glyphosate plus MCPA when 20% of the subterranean clover plants were flowering. Treatment with paraquat (100 g a.i./ha) during mid–late flowering reduced seed yield of subterranean clover by 25–50% in experiment 1 only. Medic seed yield was reduced up to 90% depending on cultivar when glyphosate (112 g a.i./ha) was applied during early–mid flowering. In addition to seed yield, the level of hard seed was assessed. Treatment of subterranean clover during early–mid flowering with glyphosate (90 and 162 g a.i./ha) significantly reduced the quantity of hard seed produced. Thirty–forty percent of subterranean clover seed was germinable soon after seed set, compared with 7–17% germinable for the seed from untreated plants. Treatment with glyphosate (112 g a.i./ha) reduced the proportion of hard seed in the medics when applied during mid flowering. Treatment with paraquat had little effect on the proportion of hard seed formed. This work demonstrates that using a spraytopping technique for control of seed set in annual grasses may dramatically reduce seed yield in pasture legumes. Spraytopping can further reduce the ability of legumes to persist in cropping rotations by reducing the amount of hard seed formed. Implications for practical farming systems are outlined.

Critical potassium concentrations in Trifolium balansae, Medicago murex and Trifolium subterraneum as affected by sampling date

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
PJ Randall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Good Discrimination ◽  
Critical Concentrations ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Petiole Sap

Critical concentrations of potassium (K) for the diagnosis of K deficiency were derived for tissues of balansa clover (Trifolium balansae) cv. Paradana, murex medic (Medicago murex) cv. Zodiac, and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) cv. Karridale. The legumes were grown for 2 seasons at 2 sites to which 7 rates of K fertiliser were applied in each season. Symptoms of K deficiency appeared on leaves of plants at both sites, where <50 kg K/ha had been applied. Diagnostic indices were obtained for K in the dry matter (DM) of blades and petioles of youngest open leaves (YOL) and of whole shoots, and for K in petiolar sap of the YOL. In all species, critical K concentrations in dry matter were initially high but decreased steadily as the season progressed. Critical values were highest for YOL petioles, and simllar for YOL blades and for whole shoots, with good discrimination between deficient and adequately supplied plants for K concentrations in these tissues. Critical concentrations (%) of K in DM of YOL laminae of balansa clover declined from 4.00 in May to 0.70 in November, of YOL petioles from 5.80 in May to 1.40 in October, and of whole shoots from 2.48 in July to 0.68 in November, while critical K concentration (�g/mL) in the YOL petiole sap declined from 1000 in May to 384 in November. The decline in critical K concentration (%) in DM of YOL laminae of murex medic was from 2.75 in May to 1.12 in September, of YOL petioles from 5.58 in May to 1.57 in September, and of whole shoots from 1.57 in July to 0.70 in November. Critical K concentrations (�g/mL) in murex medic petiole sap fell from 1000 in May to 471 in September. The decline in critical K concentrations in DM was related to date and was unaffected by rainfall before sampling, temperature, or sodium concentrations. Critical concentrations in DM of subterranean clover were similar to those in the literature for other cultivars. Critical concentrations in balansa clover agreed with those derived previously from glasshouse experiments. The test for K in petiolar sap was less satisfactory: the decline in critical concentration in sap was less consistent than that in DM, and the critical values for subterranean clover did not agree with published results.

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