Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). II. Effects of copper supply on distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency by plant analysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Vegetative Development

The effect of copper supply upon the distribution of copper within Seaton Park subterranean clover was examined from early vegetative growth to plant maturity in one glasshouse experiment, and in a second experiment was assessed at early flowering. The copper content of old leaf blades of copper-adequate plants decreased progressively with senescence of the blades. Copper deficiency delayed senescence and export of copper from the older blades so that both the relative and net changes were substantially smaller than for blades of copper-adequate plants. However, copper concentrations in senesced old leaf blades still reflected copper supply. At full senescence these blades contained appreciable quantities and concentrations of copper which contrasted with the low levels found in senesced leaves of wheat and peanuts in previous studies. Copper concentration in whole plant tops was not satisfactory for diagnosing copper deficiency, since the critical concentration decreased with plant age and during late vegetative development 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature developed in the relationship between copper concentration and yield. It is possible that the curvature resulted partly from unusually high concentrations of copper in the old petioles of severely deficient plants. Analysis of copper in young leaf blades provided a sensitive means of diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover. The estimated critical concentration for these blades (3 �g/g for maximum growth) did not change with plant age, at least until early flowering. In early growth, the copper concentration of young leaf blades may be used to forecast impending copper deficiency.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). III. Effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship between copper concentrations in plant parts and yield

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of phosphorus supply on the relationship of copper supply with copper concentrations in various plant parts and yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were examined. Plants were grown in a glasshouse for 40 and 74 days in pots with four levels of potassium phosphate (0, 13, 39, 65 mg phosphorus/pot) and six levels of copper sulfate (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 pg copper/pot) added, in factorial combination, to a sand deficient in both phosphorus and copper. By increasing the phosphorus levels copper deficiency was induced partly by promoting growth and diluting copper concentrations in plants; and also by depressing copper absorption. Increasing phosphorus changed the distribution of copper in plant tops and the shape of curves relating copper concentration in whole plant tops to yield. At 39 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship at Day 74 had a marked 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature, largely as a result of unusually high copper concentrations in the stems plus petioles of severely copper-deficient plants. At 65 mg phosphorus/pot, the relationship had no 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curvature for whole tops and only a relatively small curvature for stems plus petioles. The data suggests that 'Piper-Steenbjerg' curves in subterranean clover result primarily from high concentrations of copper in the stems plus petioles of severely deficient plants. At both harvests, young leaf blades had critical copper concentrations of around 3 �g copper/g at both 39 and 65 mg phosphorus/pot. However, copper-deficient plants with severe phosphorus deficiency did not respond to copper, and generally had copper concentrations below this critical level in all plant parts. The results confirm the value of copper analysis of young leaf blades for diagnosing copper deficiency in subterranean clover with moderately deficient to luxury supplies of phosphorus.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. I. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Three cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin; Trifolium yanninicum cv. Trikkala) were grown on three copper-deficient soil types at seven rates of copper, applied at sowing, to determine their vegetative and seed yield response to copper fertilizer.On two soil types, symptoms of copper deficiency were apparent where no copper was supplied. On the third, symptoms appeared only in one season, after the site was waterlogged. On the three soil types, the symptoms disappeared when 0.125 kg Cu/ha was applied at sowing. although at this rate vegetative and seed yields were reduced by as much as 44% and 59% respectively.The proposed critical concentration range in youngest open leaf tissue for both diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter and predicting maximum seed yield is 3.0-4.5 mg Cu/kg for Woogenellup and Nungarin subterranean clover. Trikkala subterranean clover had higher critical concentration ranges for diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter (4.0-6.0 mg Culkg) and predicting maximum seed yield (4.5-7.0 mg Cu/kg). It was not clear whether this difference was due to a higher internal requirement for copper of Trikkala or overlying environmental conditions affecting the external copper supply at the time of sampling.For whole top tissue (WT), there was no difference in the critical concentration range between the three cultivars for diagnosing maximum vegetative yield (3.0-4.0 mg Cu/kg). However, the critical concentration in WT for predicting maximum seed yield was higher for Trikkala (5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg) than Woogenellup and Nungarin (3.5-4.5 mg Cu/kg). In the pasture situation, a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when animal requirement is considered.Seed copper concentration for predicting maximum seed or vegetative yield was not a reliable indicator of copper status of subterranean clover.

Some characteristics of "Carnamah", a very early-flowering strain of Trifolium subterraneum L., when grown as single plants

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
AJ Millington
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Initiation Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Early Flower ◽  
Early Strain

A very early-flowering strain of subterranean clover was discovered in 1957 at Carnamah, W.A. From extensive studies at several field centres, it was demonstrated that the new strain – now called Carnamah – commenced flowering from 30 to 10 days before Dwalganup (the standard commercial "early" strain) when sown in the autumn-early winter period. With very early planting – late March – the difference in flowering time was even greater (about 45–50 days). The very early-flowering nature of the Carnamah strain is associated with early flower initiation. Rate of flower development (from flower initiation to flower appearance) in relation to temperature was similar for Carnamah and Dwalganup. Under spaced-plant conditions the total production of Carnamah was much less than that of Dwalganup, a finding which conforms to the results of previous single-plant studies. The new strain was not readily distinguished from Dwalganup, but several minor differences in morphology are mentioned. The chromosome number was normal for the species (2n = 16). The relevance of these data to sward conditions is discussed briefly, and it is suggested that the Carnamah strain may be more effective than Dwalganup in extending the "clover belt" inland in southern Australia.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. II. Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 833
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Critical Range ◽  
Matter Production

Seven rates of copper were applied to the soil prior to the sowing of strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferumL. cv. Palestine) on an alkaline peat deficient in copper. Symptoms of copper deficiency were evident only on the untreated plots where the clover did not set seed nor persist into the second year.Over five years� production, 1.0 kg Cu/ha continued to provide adequate copper, with regular dressings of superphosphate, for maximum dry matter production and seed yield. It was found that seed yield was more sensitive than vegetative dry matter yield to sub-optimal copper supply. At the lowest rate of applied copper (0.125 kg/ha), the vegetative yield ranged from 53% to 80% of the maximum harvest yield, whereas the seed yield ranged from 15% to 50% of maximum yield.For tissue sampled in the spring, the proposed critical range for copper concentration in the youngest open leaf (YOL) for vegetative dry matter production is 3-35 mg Cu/kg whereas that for seed production is 4.5-5.5 mg Cu/kg. At other times of the year the critical concentrations were higher. It was not clear if this was due to environmental conditions or changing internal requirements for copper.The critical copper concentration range in whole top (WT) tissue of 3.0-4.0 mg/kg for vegetative dry matter production could be applied to all samplings. For seed yield the critical range for copper concentration in WT was 4.0-5.0 mg/kg for the spring harvests. The critical copper concentration in seed for seed production was 5.0-6.0 mg/kg. In the pasture situation a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when the animal requirement is considered.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Comparing the potassium requirements of five pasture species

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Target Yield ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Ornithopus Sativus

Potassium (K) deficiency is now common in sandy soils of south-western Australia and the K requirements of most pasture species grown in rotation with crops in the region are not known. In a glasshouse experiment using a K deficient yellow sand, we compared the K requirements of 5 pasture species now commonly grown in the region: French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.) cv. Cadiz, yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus Brot.) cv. Santorini, balansa clover [Trifolium balansae, classified as T. michelianum Savi var. balansae (Boiss)] cv. Paradana, 2 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars, cv. Seaton Park (subspecies subterraneum) and cv. Trikkala (subspecies yanninicum), and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud) cv. Wimmera. After 56 days of growth, above-ground growth was harvested and analysed for total K. Mitscherlich curves were fitted to yield of dried shoots, K concentration and K content (K concentration multiplied by yield) of the shoots. These fitted curves were used to determine the amount of K required to produce 75% of the maximum yield of dried shoots, K required to attain a K concentration in dried shoots of 25 g/kg, and K required to achieve a K content in dried shoots of 250 mg K/pot. Annual ryegrass and yellow serradella more effectively used indigenous soil K and applied K to produce dried shoots than the other species and cultivars, with the other species and cultivars requiring about 55% more applied K to produce 75% of the maximum shoot yield. The K content in dried shoots estimated the total K taken up from the soil, and annual ryegrass took up least K from soil, but it required least applied K to produce 75% of the maximum shoot yield, indicating it used the K it took up very effectively to produce shoots. Yellow serradella took up most K and, after annual ryegrass, it needed least applied K to produce the target yield of dried shoots. After yellow serradella, subterranean clover cv. Trikkala took up most K from soil, but it required nearly the most applied K to produce the target shoot yield so it was inefficient at using K taken up to produce the shoots. For all the other species and cultivars, K requirement was similar as assessed by yield or K content data. The critical concentration of K required for 90% maximum yield of dried shoots was about (g K/kg) 24 for balansa clover, 23 for both subterranean clover cultivars, 21 for yellow and French serradella, and 15 for annual ryegrass.

Effect of Kabatiella caulivora isolates and host growth stage on symptom expression and resistance in Trifolium subterraneum

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
DJ Gillespie ◽  
WJ Collins
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Kabatiella Caulivora ◽  
Glasshouse Screening

Occasional severe clover scorch disease outbreaks from Kabatiella caulivora have occurred in the 2 partially resistant Trifolium subterraneum cultivars, Karridale and Meteora. All K. caulivora isolates screened, including isolates taken from severely damaged field swards of Karridale and Meteora, were highly pathogenic, but there was variation in the pathogenicity of some isolates and there was a significant cultivar x isolate interaction in 1 of 2 studies. Plant age affected development of disease. Cultivars Karridale, Mt Barker and Woogenellup were least susceptible when inoculated 10 weeks from sowing, and there was a strong plant age x cultivar interaction. However, there was no suggestion that severe disease in Karridale was due to increased susceptibility at a particular plant growth stage. In resistance screening studies, the resistance rankings of subterranean clover varieties sometimes changed markedly depending upon the test isolate, and in 1 of 2 studies, there was a significant cultivar x isolate interaction. While there was significant overall correlation between glasshouse and field data, this only accounted for 49.9 and 20.5%, respectively, of the variation. Glasshouse screening was not suitable for replacing field screening but it was useful for confirming the field resistance of some highly resistant genotypes.

Effects of lime and copper on subterranean clover grown on acid soil.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Deficiency Symptom ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Effect Of Copper

The results of a field experiment on two acid podzolized soils in the Heytesbury area, Victoria, are presented. Nutrient elements were tested on a phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa L.) - subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture on an area cleared from heath and on an adjoining area cleared from timber with an understorey of heath. Responses of clover to lime and copper, and interactions between these treatments were obtained. There was no response to potash, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iron, magnesium, or boron on either soil. Lime increased the yield of clover at both sites, the greater effect occurring on the area cleared from timber. The effect of lime was not due to the release of soil molybdenum. Lime corrected defective nodulation, increased the survival of the plants, and to some extent also increased the yield of individual plants. The relative significance of these effects of lime in determining the final yield of clover per acre is discussed. The effect of copper was very different on the two soils. On the area cleared from heath, copper deficiency was severe. Here, copper increased the yield in the absence as well as in the presence of lime. The effect was considerably greater in the presence of lime, and this positive interaction was highly significant. Copper increased the number of plants per unit area and the yield of individual clover plants. On the area cleared from timber, copper decreased the yield in the absence of lime. Where lime had been applied, the effect of copper on the yield, though not significant, was positive. The evidence presented indicates that copper is also required on this soil. A copper deficiency symptom of subterranean clover is described. It is suggested that the copper status of the soils may influence the distribution of trees in the area.

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