Effect of ingestion of hydrolysable tannins in Terminalia oblongata on digestion in sheep fed Stylosanthes hamata

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS McSweeney ◽  
PM Kennedy ◽  
A John
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Microbial N

Effect of hydrolysable tannins in the browse tree Terminalia oblongalu (yellow-wood) on digestion of organic matter, fibre and nitrogen in the stomach and intestines, was studied in sheep fed a basal diet of the tropical legume Stylosanthes hamata (verano). These tannins are toxic to the liver and kidneys, but their effect on digestion is not known. Although two of the four sheep used showed signs of yellow-wood toxicity with an intake of 0.9 g tannin/kg body weight, there were no significant effects on OM, N and CWC digestion of verano in the alimentary tract as a whole. However, yellow-wood appeared to depress OM and CWC digestion in the stomach, but this was compensated for by greater intestinal digestion. The OM digestibility of verano in the whole tract was 0.59 of intake, with two-thirds due to digestion in the stomach. About 0.87 of the total N loss (0.68 of intake) in the gut occurred in the intestines, and microbial N production was 33 g/kg of verano OM digested in the stomach. Therefore intake of non-toxic levels of yellow-wood should not compromise digestion.

scholarly journals Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
P. D. Pearce ◽  
Jane Hendtlass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Gross Energy

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.

scholarly journals Trade-Offs between Sugarcane Straw Removal and Soil Organic Matter in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9363
Author(s):  
Maristela C. Morais ◽  
Marcos Siqueira-Neto ◽  
Henrique P. Guerra ◽  
Lucas S. Satiro ◽  
Amin Soltangheisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Total N ◽  
No Removal ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Microbial N

Environmental benefits from bioenergy production derived from sugarcane crop residues (straw) can be lost by soil organic matter depletion resulting from excessive straw removal rates from fields. Soil organic carbon stock is the core for sustaining soil health, supporting nutrient cycling, and sequestering carbon dioxide. To find out that how much sugarcane straw can be removed from the field to produce bioenergy without changes in soil C concentrations, we investigated effects of straw removal rates (total, moderate, and no removal of sugarcane straw) on soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in an Oxisol and an Ultisol in southeastern Brazil for two years. Soil C and N fractions were affected by increased rates of straw removal at the second year. In the Oxisol, total straw removal decreased labile and microbial-C by ~30% and soil C stock by 20% compared to no straw removal. No removal decreased microbial-N and total N stock by ~15% and ~20%, respectively. In the Ultisol, no straw removal resulted in increases in C stock by >10% and labile and microbial-C by ~20% related to total straw removal. Total straw removal showed more microbial-N (~10%) and total-N stock (~25%) compared to no straw removal. The moderate straw removal intensity (i.e., 8 to 10 Mg ha−1 of straw) may control the straw-C release to soil by straw decomposition. This study suggests that excessive straw removal rates should be avoided, preventing SOM depletion and consequently, soil health degradation. Moderate straw removal seems to be a promising strategy, but long-term soil C monitoring is fundamental to design more sustainable straw management and bioenergy production systems.

N-loss stoichiometry in a Peru ODZ eddy

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189
Author(s):  
Mark A. Altabet ◽  
Annie Bourbonnais
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
Additional Constraint ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Theory Result ◽  
Natural Laboratory ◽  
Heterotrophic Denitrification ◽  
Microbial N

Assuming heterotrophic denitrification as the dominant microbial process, Richards (1965) formulated a stoichiometry governing nitrogen loss in open-ocean oxygen deficient zones (ODZs). It prescribes the quantitative coupling between the oxidation of organic matter by NO–3 in the absence of O2 and the corresponding production of CO2, N2, and PO–34. Applied globally, this relationship defines key linkages between the C, N, and P cycles. However, the validity of Richards's stoichiometry is challenged by recognition of complex microbial N processing in ODZs including anammox as an important pathway and nitrite reoxidation. Whereas Richards's stoichiometry would result in N2-N production to NO–3 removal rates of 1.17, dominance by anammox with respect to biogenic N2 production could in theory result in a ratio as high as 2. Ratios with PO–34 production provide an additional constraint on the quantity and composition of respired organic matter. Here we use a mesoscale eddy with extreme N-loss in the Peru ODZ as a "natural laboratory" to examine N-loss stoichiometry. Its intense biogeochemical signatures, relatively well-defined timescales, and simplified hydrography allowed for the development of strong co-occurring gradients in NO–3, NO–2, biogenic N2, and PO–34. The production of biogenic N2 as compared with the removal of NO–3 (analyzed either directly or as N deficits) was slightly less than predicted by Richards's stoichiometry and did not at all support any "excess" biogenic N2. PO–34 production, however, was twice the expectation from Richards's stoichiometry suggesting that respired organic matter was P-rich as compared with C:N:P Redfield composition. These results suggest major gaps remain between current understanding of microbial N pathways in ODZs and their net biogeochemical output.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of sucrose and xylose on nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen and intestines of cattle receiving diets of grass silage and barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-424
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Purine Bases ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Microbial N

Two male cattle (live weight 240 kg) fitted with rumen and simple T-piece duodenal cannulas were given a basal diet of 12 kg of silage (227 g/kg DM, 25.7 g N/kg DM), 1 kg of rolled barley and 100 g of mineral mixture. In addition to the basal diet, 0, 450 or 900 g/d of either sucrose or xylose was continuously infused intraruminally. The amount of organic matter (OM) entering the duodenum (P < 0.001) and excreted in the faeces (P < 0.01) was linearly increased with the increased sugar infusion. The proportion of digestible OM apparently digested in the rumen averaged 0.694, and did not differ (P > 0.05) with the level or type of sugar. Rumen ammonia concentration and molar proportions of isovalerate were decreased (P < 0.001) with increased sugar level. The decrease in the ammonia concentration was slightly less (P < 0.05) with xylose than with sucrose. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were not affected by the sugar level but sucrose produced a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of acetate and higher (P < 0.01) proportion of butyrate than did xylose. There was a net loss of N (11.6g/d) between the mouth and duodenum when the basal diet was consumed alone but a net gain (21.6 g/d) with the high level of sugar infusion. Microbial N flow at the duodenum, measured on the basis of RNA purine bases, increased linearly (P 0.05) for sugar levels of 0, 450 and 900 g/d, respectively. The amount of microbial N produced was closely related to rumen ammonia concentration (r—0.86; P < 0.001) and outflow of water at the duodenum (r 0.83; P

scholarly journals Protein nutrition of growing lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Kempton ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Ammonia Absorption ◽  
Microbial N

1. Lambs with cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were allowed free access to one of four diets: a basal diet of oat hulls and solka floc, or the basal diet supplemented with either urea, urea plus casein or urea plus formaldehyde-treated (HCHO)-casein. Mean nitrogen intake was 1.9 g N/d for the basal diet and 15.0, 32.4 and 36.9 g N/d respectively for the other diets.2. The rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen pool estimated using15NH+4was highest on the casein diet (33 g NH3-N/d) by comparison with 18 g NH3-N/d for the urea and HCHO-casein diets and 7 g NH3-N/d for the basal diet.3. The proportions of bacterial and protozoal N in the rumen derived from rumen ammonia did not differ significantly between the supplemented diets and were 0.66 and 0.52 respectively.4. Estimation of15N flowing to the duodenum during continuous infusions of15NH+4into the rumen indicated considerable ammonia absorption from the rumen on all the diets. Greatest absorption of ammonia (21 g N/d) apparently occurred in animals on the diet supplemented with urea and casein.5. The estimated microbial non-ammonia-N (NAN) flowing out of the rumen per unit organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOM) was similar on all diets, i.e. 21.3 (±1.09) g N/kg FOM. The requirement for dietary fermentable N for microbial N production on these diets was 1.2 (±0.07) g N/MJ ME.6. The flow of NAN into the duodenum and throught the ileum, and total N in the faeces was significantly influenced by the form of N supplementation. The flow of NAN into the duodenum for the HCHO-casein diet (27 g N/d) was more than twice that for the other diets (11 g N/d). The flow of NAN through the ileum and excretion of total N in the faeces was also greater with the HCHO-casein diet than with all other diets. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine ranged between 0.62–0.66 for all diets.7. Urea and casein supplements were apparently completely degraded in the rumen. In contrast, the HCHO-casein was almost completely resistant to degradation in the rumen and only 65% of the HCHO-casein was digested in the small intestine.8. Protein absorbed: energy absorbed (expressed as NAN digested in the small intestine/MJ ME) was calculated to be 5.5 (±0.70) for the basal, urea and urea-plus-casein diets, and 11.6 (±1.71) for the urea-plus-HCHO-casein diet.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by the sheep. VI. Feed intake in the ruminant lamb in relation to the administration of a nutrient solution per abomasum

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Gross Energy

The voluntary consumption by lambs of a ground and pelleted diet containing 24.4% crude protein on a dry matter basis was studied over 25 days when a nutrient solution based on evaporated cows' milk and lactose was administered per abomasum. The lambs, initially 11-12 weeks old and weighing 26 kg, had been surgically prepared with permanent abomasal fistulae. Separate digestion experiments were conducted to determine (i) the digestible energy (DE) content of the basal diet and (ii) patterns of digestion of the basal diet in the stomach and intestines. The basal diet had a DE content of 3.39 kcal/g dry matter and provided 22 g crude protein digested in the intestines per 100 g digestible organic matter; the nutrient solution contained 7.2 g nitrogen/Mcal gross energy and the energy was 94% digestible. In the digestion experiments, the rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were 9.9 and 14.4 l/day respectively; the ruminal digesta was at pH 5.7 and the concentration of volatile fatty acids was 138 mmoles/litre. Approximately 59% of the apparent digestion of organic matter and 78% of the digestion of acid detergent fibre occurred in the stomach. The supplemented and unsupplemented groups of lambs consumed similar amounts of feed in a control period; the daily intakes expressed in relation to body weight in kg0.75 (BWkg0.75) were 101 g dry matter and 341 kcal DE. When nutrient solution providing 836 kcal gross energy or 58 kcal DE/BWkg0.75 per day was administered per abomasum, voluntary feed consumption declined by 16 g dry matter/BWkg0.75 or 53 kcal DE/BWkg0.75. Thus on the basis of DE, the decline in dietary intake compensated for the nutrient solution administration to the extent of 91 %. The daily DE intake of the supplemented group during nutrient administration was 345 kcal/BWkg0.75 and the rate of body height increase was 306 g/day ; the corresponding values for the unsupplemented group were 340 kcal DE/BWkg0.75 and 290 g/day. The data indicated that caloric homeostasis was well developed in lambs of this maturity and that the diet probably contained sufficient essential nutrients to permit the lambs to exhibit maximum growth. The capacity of the lamb to consume feed and increase in body weight did not appear to be restricted by any feature of ruminal digestion.

Nitrogen utilisation and rumen function in Menz rams supplemented with foliages of Lablab purpureus or graded levels of Leucaena pallida 14203 and Sesbania sesban 1198

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1117
Author(s):  
Solomon Melaku
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Microbial N

Thirty-five male Menz rams (19.3 ± 0.87 kg, mean ± s.d.) fed on a basal diet of tef (Eragrostis tef) straw were used in a randomised block design to study the effects of supplementing with one level of Lablab purpureus (lablab), at 1.2% LW (230 g DM/day), and 3 graded levels of Leucaena pallida 14203 or Sesbania sesban 1198 at 0.9% LW (170 g DM/day), 1.2% LW (230 g DM/day), and 1.5% LW (290 g DM/day) on nitrogen (N) intake, microbial N yield, N retention, levels of rumen pH, and ammonia N. Five rams were used in each of the 7 treatments. The rams were adapted to treatment feeds for 3 weeks, followed by the collection of faeces and urine for 7 days by keeping them in metabolic cages. Graded levels of L. pallida resulted in lower (P < 0.001) daily microbial N yield and lower (P < 0.001) efficiency of microbial N yield per kg organic matter digested in the rumen and per MJ metabolisable energy than graded levels of S. sesban. Urinary N excretion was higher (P < 0.001) in S. sesban and Lablab supplemented animals than those supplemented with L. pallida, and the opposite was true for faecal and total N excretion. However, these did not result in treatment differences in N retention. L. pallida promoted lower (P < 0.001) mean rumen NH3-N level and higher mean rumen pH than the other supplement feeds. It is concluded that the lowest level of either L. pallida or S. sesban supplementation was adequate to promote comparable N retention to the 2 higher levels of supplementation.

Utilization of concentrate supplements containing varying levels of cassava leaf pellet by growing goats fed a basal diet of pangola hay

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramote Paengkoum ◽  
Sorasak Thongpea  ◽  
Siwaporn Paengkoum
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Growing Goats ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Microbial N

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of cassava leaf pellet (CLP) on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation of goats fed with pangola hay as roughages. Eight growing crossed (Thai native x Anglo-Nubian) goats between 10 to 12 months of age and pre-trial average body weight of 18.5 + 2.5 kg were allotted into two groups on the basis of body weight in a randomized double 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the utilization of concentrate mixtures of varying levels of CLP. The four concentrate mixtures had CLP included at 0% (control), 10 % (CLP1), 20% (CLP2) and 30% (CLP3) in concentrate as replacing soybean meal (SBM) with CLP as 25 %CP, 50%CP and 75%CP, respectively.  On average, all parameters measured, including dry matter intake (DMI), nutrients digestibility, ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N), ruminal total volatile fatty acid (total VFA), individual VFAs concentration (mM/L), microbial N supply, and N retention increased (P less than 0.05) with the addition of CLP in concentrate up to 20% (CLP2) in concentrate, thereafter  decreased (P less than 0.05) in goats fed CLP 30% (CLP3). The results indicated that replacing SBM with CLP as 50 %CP (CLP2), resulted in higher animal performance as a consequence of improved ruminal fermentation, microbial yield and N balance,  but decreased (P less than 0.05) with 30% CLP diet. It is concluded that cassava leaf pellet can successfully replace soybean meal 50% CP as a protein source in growing goats.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. III. The mean retention time of feed particles in sections of the alimentary tract

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

The mean retention time of feed particles in the alimentary tract of sheep was measured by means of a stained-particle technique, when lucerne hay or a diet of wheaten straw + wheaten hay (1 : 1) was offered ad libitum. The levels of intake of the straw diet and lucerne hay were equivalent to 11.8 and 25.8 g organic matter/day/kg body weight. The mean retention time of particles in the entire alimentary tract when the straw diet was offered was 57.5 hr, this consisting of 36.3 hr in the rumen + omasum and 21.2 hr in the abomasum + intestines. The retention time in the rumen + omasum was calculated to consist of (a) 19.7 hr during which the particles were being degraded to a size at which transfer from the rumen could be readily effected, and (b) 16.6 hr of residence in the rumen + omasum as small particles. With lucerne hay, the retention times were shorter: small particles spent 10.8 hr in the rumen + omasum and retention time in the abomasum + intestines was 16.1 hr. It was calculated that only a small proportion of the difference between the straw diet and lucerne hay in organic matter intake could be attributable to differences between the diets in the rate of removal of finely divided particles of organic matter from the rumen.

Agricultural practices and diffuse nitrogen pollution in Denmark: empirical leaching and catchment models

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Andersen ◽  
Brian Kronvang ◽  
Søren E. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
N Removal

An empirical leaching model was applied to data on agricultural practices at the field level within 6 small Danish agricultural catchments in order to document any changes in nitrogen (N) leaching from the root zone during the period 1989-96. The model calculations performed at normal climate revealed an average reduction in N-leaching that amounted to 30% in the loamy catchments and 9% in the sandy catchments. The reductions in N leaching could be ascribed to several improvements in agricultural practices during the study period: (i) regulations on livestock density; (ii) regulations on the utilisation of animal manure; (iii) regulations concerning application practices for manure. The average annual total N-loss from agricultural areas to surface water constituted only 54% of the annual average N leached from the root zone in the three loamy catchments and 17% in the three sandy catchments. Thus, subsurface N-removal processes are capable of removing large amounts of N leached from agricultural land. An empirical model for the annual diffuse N-loss to streams from small catchments is presented. The model predicts annual N-loss as a function of the average annual use of mineral fertiliser and manure in the catchment and the total annual runoff from the unsaturated zone.

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