The effect of some fleece characters on the skin wax layer and fleece rot development in Merino sheep following wetting

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ James ◽  
GH Warren ◽  
A Neville
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Proximal Portion ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Initial Thickness ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Wax Content ◽  
Tip Formation

This paper describes changes occurring on the skin surface following wetting and during the development of fleece rot and examines the effect of some fleece characters on these changes. One day of wetting reduced the average thickness of the skin wax layer from 7.82 to 4.90 �m, but there was little change In the proportion of the skin surface covered by wax. When hyperaemia of the skin was first noted the proportion of the skin surface covered by wax had decreased from 97.8 to 47.5% and the average thickness of skin wax had decreased to 3.64 �m. Cholesterol content of the skin wax increased steadily from the first day of wetting as fleece rot developed, whereas lanosterol content increased only in the early stages of fleece rot. Suint content of the fleece, measured before wetting commenced, was positively correlated with fleece rot score at all times during wetting. Suint also showed significant correlations with moisture content of the proximal portion of the staple, percentage of the skin surface covered by wax and cholesterol and lanosterol content of the wax. No relationship was observed between fleece rot score and fleece wax content, wettability, staple formation, tip formation, crimp definition or initial thickness of the skin wax layer.

Studies in fleece-rot of sheep.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Similar Condition ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sufficient Intensity ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Occasions of unduly heavy and prolonged rainfall during the period April 1946 – July 1951 resulted in the occurrence of fleece-rot in sheep of the Field Station flock in each of the six years. Data obtained from periodic examinations of the flock have been related to the nature of climatic conditions associated with outbreaks of the disease. They show that when rain occurs in falls of sufficient intensity and frequency to wet sheep to the skin for a period of a week or more, fleece-rot may be expected to develop in some of them. The longer the period for which the sheep are kept wet, the greater the number in a flock which will be affected. Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in four out of five Merino sheep known to be susceptible to the condition, whereas five animals known to be resistant were unaffected by the same treatment. Microscopic examination of skin sections taken from naturally occurring cases revealed the presence of a dermatitis. A similar condition was observed in skin sections from the animals in which fleece-rot was experimentally induced. Young sheep were found to be more susceptible than old. There was no association between degree of wrinkling and susceptibility or between 'grip' and susceptibility. When subjectively-appraised attributes of the fleece were related to the occurrence of fleece-rot, confusing results were obtained. However, when measured fleece data, obtained from a group of Merino sheep which had been under observation for four consecutive years, were considered, it was found that those for clean-scoured yield, wax and suint ratio, and density of fibre population per unit area of skin surface, were related to resistance or susceptibility. Nevertheless, a number of animals were found which were susceptible or resistant to the disease despite the nature of their fleece attributes. Differences in susceptibility were found between families of Merino sheep. These are associated with between-family differences for the fleece attributes found to be important in fleece-rot reaction.

Composition and diversity of fungi on decaying logs in a New Zealand temperate beech (Nothofagus) forest

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B Allen ◽  
Peter K Buchanan ◽  
Peter W Clinton ◽  
Angela J Cone
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Cation Concentration ◽  
Nothofagus Forest ◽  
Dominant Pattern

Saprobic fungal taxa on decomposing mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole) logs were investigated in relation to properties of logs including stage of decay, size, nutrient concentration, and moisture content. We also determined whether logs become increasingly heterogeneous in nutrient concentration and moisture content with decay and also whether log heterogeneity related to fungal taxa diversity. Sporocarps were collected from the same 75 logs in spring (November 1995, 80 taxa) and autumn (May 1996, 151 taxa). For both seasons the dominant pattern in fungal taxa composition was only weakly related to measured properties of logs; however, a secondary pattern was found related to a fungal taxa succession reflecting stage of decay. In the autumn collection, Biscogniauxia capnodes (Berk.) Y.-M. Ju & J.D. Rogers and Schizopora nothofagi (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden occurred on small logs in the early stages of decay, with relatively low N. Decayed logs, with relatively high N, were characterized by Marasmius otagensis G. Stev. and Athelia epiphylla Pers. Our observations were not consistent with previously described successional trends from soft- to white- and brown-rot fungi as logs decay. The number of fungal taxa increased with log volume, and, additionally for the autumn collection, with heterogeneity in cation concentration suggesting habitat heterogeneity may be a factor in explaining log fungal taxa diversity.

The migration of sebum and suint components along wool fibres of Merino sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Hay ◽  
SC Mills
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Sheep Wool

It has been shown that isotopically labelled sheep wool wax is carried passively along the wool fibre as a band by growth of the wool, and that it does not flow along the fibre to any large extent during experiments of several months. This supports the view that the function of sebum, in mammals in general, is to protect the hair (wool) fibre and the condition of the coat, and contrasts with the reported rapid spread of sebum over the human skin surface. It also seems unlikely that wax lost from the fleece during exposure to rainfall is replenished with sebum freshly secreted onto the surface, since sebum does not migrate. Two methods were used to obtain labelled wax, direct application of labelled cholesterol to the skin surface and intradermal injection of labelled sebum substrate. Prior washing of the wool with detergent showed that wax already on the fibre was not the cause of the observed lack of flow of newly formed wax. Isotopically labelled suint components were also carried passively by wool growth. It is unlikely that wax is transported to any extent by suint in the wool; this is in contrast to the suggested role of sweat in facilitating the spread of sebum over the human skin surface. Some spreading of radioactive wax and suint bands was noted however, possibly because of diffusion and mechanical disturbance of the wool.

Tracking the thickness of the A68 Iceberg using CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Izzard ◽  
Anne Braakmann-Folgmann ◽  
Andrew Shepherd ◽  
Isobel Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Altimetry ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Average Thickness ◽  
Altimetry Data ◽  
Initial Thickness ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Narrow Side ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Thinning Rate ◽  
Satellite Altimetry Data

<p>The A68 iceberg calved from the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula in July 2017 and has since been drifting northwards towards South Georgia. Originally covering an area of 5664 sq km, A68A's extent has been reduced to 2606 sq km (as of 23 December 2020) following the detachment of multiple smaller bergs. Using Satellite Altimetry data from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2, we measure the thickness of the A68 iceberg. We use CryoSat-2 data acquired in the year before A68's calving from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in 2017 to create an initial thickness map. Following its calving, both CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 tracks are geocoded onto the iceberg using imagery from MODIS and Sentinel-1. Comparing these measurements to the initial thickness allows us to track changes in A68's thickness. The thickness map reveals the presence of multiple 30m deep channels oriented along its narrow side, forming lines of weakness along which the iceberg shattered into multiple large fragments in December 2020. At the time of calving, its average thickness was 232m with a maximum thickness of 285m. Repeated measurements from satellite altimetry show the iceberg has thinned by an average of 32m, a thinning rate of 2.5cm per day. Combined with changes in area, we estimate that the iceberg has lost 64% of its original volume, or 941 cubic kilometres, representing a significant input of freshwater to the surrounding ocean. </p>

scholarly journals Efect of intramuscular fat content on physical-chemical parameters of pork from Mangalitsa and their crossbreed

10.5219/1095 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
Petra Lípová ◽  
Ondrej Debrecéni ◽  
Ondřej Bučko ◽  
Klára Vavrišínová
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Large White ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of intramuscular fat content on physical parameters and proximate composition in musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) from Mangalitsa breed and Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed. In the study, sixteen pigs of Mangalitsa and twenty-two pigs of Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed were used. The pigs were reared under intensive condition and all animals were fed ad libitum with complete fattening feed mixture. The fattening period started from 30 kg of live weight. Then the pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg of live weight. Chemical analysis showed that MLD from Mangalitsa had lower protein content, higher moisture content (p <0.05) and higher content of intramuscular fat compared to Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed. As regarding the cholesterol content in MLD, no significant differences were found between genotypes, but the cholesterol content was higher in MLD from Mangalitsa than in MLD from crossbreeds. The MLD from Mangalitsa exhibited lower CIE L* (p <0.01) and CIE b* (p <0.01) values 45 min post mortem compared to crossbreeds. Colour parameters increased after 7 days post mortem, which is normal due to the maturing process of the meat. Then the CIE L* value was lower in MLD from Mangalitsa (p <0.01), but CIE a* value was higher in relation to crossbreeds (p <0.05). As regards the Warner-Bratzler shear force, the meat from Mangalitsa was tenderer than in crossbreeds (p <0.05). Intramuscular fat in the meat positively correlated with colour parameter CIE a* (r = 0.324; p <0.05) as well as cholesterol content (r = 0,656; p <0.001). In contrast in the study was found negative correlations between intramuscular fat in meat with moisture content (r = -0.399; p <0.05) and protein content (r = -0.812; p <0.001). It can be concluded that the percentage of intramuscular fat significantly influenced the physical and the chemical parameters of pork. The meat from Mangalitsa is more suitable for production of special meat products (fermented and smoked).

Composition of eggs in relation to embryonic development and female size in giant crabs [Pseudocarcinus gigas (Lamarck)]

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Egg Composition

The size and composition of eggs from 22 giant crabs (Pseudocarcinus gigas) were monitored over 165 days to determine trends through embryogenesis. Egg composition was most stable during the early stages of embryogenesis so additional sampling (n=143) was conducted during this period to assess the effect of female size, sampling location (east and west Tasmania)and successive broods between moults, on egg composition. During embryogenesis, eggs increased in diameter and moisture content while organic dry mass declined. Total carotenoid and lipid content per egg did not change significantly, whereas protein declined (as ash-free dry mass per egg). This indicates that protein was used preferentially to lipid, which may be an adaptation to the deeper water habitat of P. gigas. Females with heavy and intermediate carapace wear were considered more likely to have produced previous clutches and they produced eggs with significantly less carotenoid. The eggs of larger females contained significantly more water, less protein and less carotenoid, whereas there was no effect on total lipid (P<0. 05). Although the effects of female size on egg composition were significant, the magnitude of the effect was small (highest for carotenoid, r2=0. 17). Consequently, it is unlikely that larval viability is affected, or that larger females contribute more to recruitment than predicted by fecundity.

EFFECT OF AGE ON THE GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS SEED HARVESTED BY TWO METHODS AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Combine Method ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Rapid Deterioration ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Time Of Harvest

A study was conducted with Russian wild ryegrass, Elymus junceus Fisch., to determine the influence of age (storage) on the germination of seed harvested at progressive stages of maturity and on its emergence from a 1-inch (2.54-cm) depth of seeding. Two methods to simulate the straight-combine and swather-combine methods of harvest were used.After five years seed harvested by the straight-combine method germinated less than 60%, whereas seed harvested by the swather-combine method on the last 3 or 4 days before excessive shattering occurred still germinated 75% or higher. Seed harvested at early stages of maturity by either method of harvesting deteriorated in germination to a similar extent. At more mature stages, however, seed harvested by the straight-combine method deteriorated in germination, whereas that harvested by the swather method retained high germinability.Seed harvested at early stages of maturity by the swather-combine method showed a more rapid deterioration in emergence than that harvested by the straight-combine method, whereas seed harvested near maturity by either method declined in emergence to a similar extent.Deterioration in the ability of the seed to germinate and emerge from a 1-inch (2.54-cm) depth was closely related to seed size and moisture content of the seed at time of harvest.

Perinatal wool follicle attrition coincides with elevated perinatal circulating cortisol concentration in Merino sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 748 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Toland Thompson ◽  
M. L. Hebart ◽  
N. M. Penno ◽  
P. I. Hynd
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Primary Follicle ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Secondary Follicle ◽  
Plasma Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Wool Follicle

The development of the follicle population in Merino sheep skin was studied from 30 days pre-partum to 112 days post-partum in single- and twin-born Merino lambs. The total number of primary follicles estimated from primary follicle density and skin surface area did not change over this period, while secondary follicle number increased to Day 28 post-partum in singles and Day 56 post-partum in twins. Twins had 14% fewer total follicles than singletons (P < 0.001), largely reflecting a bodyweight (hence estimated skin surface area) difference of 10%, with little difference in total follicle density (P > 0.05). Immediately post-partum there was a 36% decrease (P < 0.0001) in the secondary to primary follicle ratio (S/P) of the twin lambs, while a small non-significant decrease (7%; P > 0.05) occurred in the single lambs. This attrition coincided with a surge in plasma cortisol concentration that commenced ~12 days before birth and persisted for 6–12 days post-partum. The surge in plasma cortisol concentration occurred in both single and twin lambs, commencing on Day 138 of gestation; however, the peak cortisol concentration and the period over which cortisol remained elevated was greater in twin lambs than in singletons (P < 0.001). This study confirms a previous finding of a perinatal reduction in S/P ratio in Merino sheep. The reduction was greater in twin lambs than in singletons but the follicles of twins recovered rapidly so that there was little difference in final S/P ratio between birth types after Day 30 post-partum. The postnatal follicle reduction followed the perinatal surge in plasma cortisol concentration and appeared to reflect the magnitude of the cortisol surge in that twins, which displayed a higher peak cortisol concentration, had a greater reduction in active follicles than singletons.

Regional body surface area of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYTwenty-three shorn, adult Merino sheep weighing 22·6–63·1 kg were killed and total skin surface area and eight regional skin surface areas measured after skinning. Bodyfat content (1·9–43·6% of body weight) was estimated from the tritiated-water space and body dimensions were recorded before slaughter.Body weight was the best single measure for predicting total area and regional areas, and little advantage was gained by using multiple regressions incorporating body weight, fat content and body dimensions. Proportional surface areas of all regions except the neck were significantly related to body weight; positively for the trunk, and negatively for the ear, lower leg, upper leg and head. Equations relating regional surface area (% total area) to body weight are presented.

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