Factors affecting growth and reproduction of Noogoora burr (Xanthium occidentale Bertol.)

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Martin ◽  
JA Carnahan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Plant density and availability of light and water significantly affected growth and reproduction of Noogoora burr plants grown in a glasshouse. Burr yield was reduced most by low levels of available water. Low light intensity, low water availability and high plant density reduced net assimilation rates and, in combination, caused the greatest reduction in burr production. Under field conditions the ratio of burr dry weight to total shoot dry weight decreased with increasing plant density. In terms of production per unit area, dry weight of main stems and main stem leaves increased with increasing plant density at the expense of burr dry weight. We conclude that the success of Noogoora burr as a fleece contaminant could be attributed, in part, to: the insensitivity of burr production to variation in soil fertility and length of growing season; the ability to regulate plant density under conditions of limiting light or water; and the ability to regulate plant components so that the efficiency of burr production increases with a decrease in plant density.

Effects of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Status of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of various barnyardgrass populations on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted “Jetstar’ tomato. Barnyardgrass densities at 16, 32, and 64 plants/m tomato row were tested in 1982 and 1983. Barnyardgrass shoot fresh weights/unit area increased as density increased. Fresh weight of barnyardgrass shoots ranged from 17 100 kg/ha at 16 plants/m of row to 35 500 kg/ha at 64 plants/m of row. At the vegetative stage, tomato shoot dry weight was unaffected by barnyardgrass. As crop growth progressed, tomato shoot dry weight decreased at all barnyardgrass densities. Season-long interference of barnyardgrass reduced marketable tomato fruit number and fruit weight at all densities compared to weed-free plots. Reductions in marketable fruit weight ranged from 26% to 16 plants/m row to 84% at 64 plants/m row. In 1982, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in tomato shoots were unaffected by season-long interference of barnyardgrass at all densities. However, in 1983, concentrations of N and K decreased and concentration of P increased in tomato leaves as the density of barnyardgrass increased. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in tomato leaves were unaltered by barnyardgrass density.

scholarly journals Simulated mesotrione drift followed by glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon or glyphosate plus chlorimuron in soybean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
L. R. Brown ◽  
D. E. Robinson ◽  
K. Chandler ◽  
C. J. Swanton ◽  
R. E. Nurse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Herbicide Drift

There have been anecdotal accounts of increased crop sensitivity due to herbicide drift followed by an in-crop herbicide. An experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007 at Elora, Ridgetown, and Woodstock, Ontario, to determine the effects of simulated mesotrione drift followed by in-crop applications of glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon and glyphosate plus chlorimuron on glyphosate-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] visual injury, plant height, plant density, shoot dry weight, and seed yield. As the rate of simulated mesotrione drift increased, there was an increase in soybean injury and a decrease in shoot dry weight, height, and yield. Simulated mesotrione drift followed by bentazon resulted in synergistic responses in injury shortly after application in some environments. This increase in injury was transient, with no synergistic responses in density, shoot dry weight, and yield. In contrast, antagonistic responses were observed when glyphosate, imazethapyr, or glyphosate plus chlorimuron were applied after simulated mesotrione drift in some environments. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the interactions of drift followed by the application of an in-crop herbicide. Key words: Bentazon, chlorimuron, glyphosate, imazethapyr, mesotrione, synergism

scholarly journals Relative Competitiveness Between Cultivated and Weedy Rice under Full and Low Light

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. SCHAEDLER ◽  
W. LUBIAN ◽  
P.C. LIMA ◽  
D.M. CHIAPINOTTO
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Rice Monoculture

ABSTRACT: Cultivated and weedy rice biotypes exhibit morphophysiological variations under low light, affecting competition between plants. The aim of this study was to assess relative competitiveness between cultivated and weedy rice under full and low light. Three experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments in the experiment I were arranged in additive series while in the experiments II and III treatments were arranged in replacement series. Experiments II and III were carried out concomitantly to assess coexistence between the rice cultivar and weedy rice. The treatments consisted of different plants proportions: 100:0 (cultivated rice monoculture), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (weedy rice monoculture), keeping the total plant population obtained in experiment I (240 plants m-2) constant. Experiment II was conducted with full solar radiation and III under 50% light. The variables analyzed were shoot dry weight and plant height, 35 days after emergence (DAE). Competition among plants was evaluated via graphs and by interpreting competition indices. Concerning shoot dry weight, mutual losses were recorded between competitors, whereas equal competition for resources was observed for plant height. Weedy rice was more competitive than cultivated rice regardless of the light environment assessed, indicating the need for integrated methods to control this weed.

scholarly journals The growth analysis of soybean cultivars on the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi in Samas Coastal Land, Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Khavid Faozi ◽  
Prapto Yudono ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Azwar Ma'as
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Land ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Coastal Land

A coastal sandy land is a potential land used for soybean cultivation. The success in developing soybeans in coastal sandy land depends on the suitability of cultivars used and the cultivation technology applied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the growth of twelve soybean cultivars in coastal sandy land as affected by the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment factors consisted of rates of bokashi (0, 20, 40, and 60 ton.ha-1) and 12 soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Burangrang, Demas 1, Dena 1, Devon 1, Gamasugen 1, Gema, Gepak Ijo, Grobogan, Kaba, and Slamet). The net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, and root and shoot dry weight were affected by the bokashi rates, with varying responses according to the soybean cultivar. Demas 1 cultivar was the most adaptive cultivar in coastal sandy land based on its ability to accumulate dry matter of plants. The accumulation of dry matter of roots and shoots increased with bokashi application and the optimum rate were 42.83 ton.ha-1 and 45.56 ton.ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Peanut Yield Potential as Influenced by Cropping System and Plant Density

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
P. E. Igbokwe ◽  
N. V. K. Nkongolo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pod Number

Abstract This study was conducted on a Memphis silt loam at Alcorn State University in 1992 and 1993 and investigated row-intercropping as a low-input alternative to the conventional cropping system for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in southwestern Mississippi. Extractable P and exchangeable cations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping in 1992. Extractable S and P were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping and conventional peanut monocropping, respectively, in 1993. Plant height, shoot dry weight, the number of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) per row, insect lesions per leaflet, and rodent diggings per row were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for conventional peanut monocropping than when peanut was intercropped with vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]. Peanut pod number, pod weight, seed number, and seed weight also were higher for conventional peanut monocropping. The seed mineral composition generally was not affected by cropping system and plant spacing. Peanut yield was higher for 15.2 cm within-row plant spacing compared to 10.2- and 20.3-cm spacings investigated in this study. Interaction between cropping system and plant spacing was significant for pod number, pod weight, seed number, seed weight, and seed Ca and Fe compositions in 1992, but only significant for seed number, seed weight, and seed Fe and Zn compositions in 1993.

Gibberellic acid induced growth acceleration in Populus hybrids

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Rood ◽  
G. Daicos ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weekly applications of 0.4 mg gibberellic acid (GA) in 8 μL 95% ethanol micropipetted onto shoots of rooted cuttings increased Populuseuramericana (Dode) Guinier height growth by 54% and shoot dry weight by 25% after 21 days. Total leaf area increased by 21% as a result of more rapid leaf production and slightly larger leaf sizes. Root growth was unaffected by GA treatment. The observed GA-induced acceleration resulted from an increase in relative growth rate while mean net assimilation rate was unaffected. Owing to a substantial increase in the number and size of leaves, the leaf area ratio, representing the ratio of photosynthesizing to respiring material, increased. While direct micropipette application of GA promoted height growth and primary shoot dry weight accumulation, GA application through either foliar spray or soil drench also promoted the growth of secondary shoots. Application of GA to shoots was more effective in promoting shoot growth than application through the roots. Direct GA application also promoted the growth of P. alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx. and P. × canescens (Ait.) Smith × P. alba × P. grandidentata. Thus, GA can be used for hastening early growth of these trees under winter greenhouse conditions.

Agronomic Aspects of Broad Beans (Vicia Faba L.) Grown in the Sudan

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. K. El Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Broad Beans ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Pod Growth

SummaryField experiments in three successive growing seasons (1963–66) studied effects of variety and plant density on yield components of broad beans. In 1963/64 total seed yield of a local variety (Beladi), increased with increasing seed rates from 70 to 280 lb per feddan, but yield increment diminished beyond 140 lb. The same results were obtained with Beladi and Rebaya 34 in 1964/65 and 1965/66, but Rebaya 34, yielded less than Beladi at all seed rates. Growth analysis revealed that Rebaya 34 had greater growth rate at the beginning of the season, due to its relatively large seed size, but eventually Beladi overtook it. Maximum pod growth in both varieties occurred when leaf dry weight was declining. The proportion of dry matter was greater in pods of Beladi than Rebaya 34 because of more sinks in the former variety. The present seed rate of 70 lb per feddan seems to be suboptimal and factors affecting establishment and/or effective leaf area at the time of pod growth are detrimental to the final yield.

scholarly journals Physiological performance of wheat seeds coated with micronutrients

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizandro Ciciliano Tavares ◽  
Cassyo de Araújo Rufino ◽  
André Pich Brunes ◽  
Felipe Freire Friedrich ◽  
Antonio Carlos Souza Albuquerque Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Performance ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Wheat Seeds

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of wheat seeds coated with micronutrients. The treatments were combinations of two products based on micronutrients, product "A": 780.0 g.L-1 of zinc and product "B": 182.4, 7.6 and 45.6 g.L-1 of zinc, boron and molybdenum, respectively, with five dosages of the products: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mL. kg-1 seed, totaling 10 treatments with four replications. Physiological quality of the treated seed was evaluated from germination and vigor tests and the early plant growth from determinations of shoot dry weight, plant height and leaf area at 10, 20 and 30 days after emergence (DAE), as well as the rate of crop growth, relative and net assimilation. Seed yield and physiological quality were determined after harvest. It was concluded that coating wheat seeds with the product "A" , based on zinc and "B", consisting of zinc, boron and molybdenum, respectively, up to a dosage of 4 mL.kg-1 seed, did not adversely affect the physiological quality of the treated seeds or those produced. Both products tested resulted in increases in leaf area, plant height and shoot dry weight up to 30 DAE, as well as a higher seed yield.

Effect of barley plant density on wild oat interference, shoot biomass and seed yield under zero tillage

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O'Donovan ◽  
J. C. Newman ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
D. W. McAndrew
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Densities

There has been little research aimed at developing regression models to describe the effects of barley and wild oat plant density on barley yield loss, or wild oat biomass and seed yield. Such models are an important component of integrated weed management systems, and can help determine when weed control with herbicides is economical. Field experiments were conducted over 4 yr at Vegreville, Alberta, to determine the interactive effects of wild oat and barley plant density on barley and wild oat variables in a zero tillage system. A nonlinear regression model in most cases provided good descriptions of barley yield loss, wild oat shoot dry weight, and wild oat seed yield as functions of wild oat and barley plant densities. The interactive effect of wild oat and barley plant density on percentage barley yield loss did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) among years. A pooled regression model describing barley yield loss accounted for 57% of the variation, and provides a means of estimating yield loss due to wild oat in barley grown under zero tillage. Barley yield loss increased as wild oat density increased but the magnitude of the yield loss diminished with increasing barley plant density. Wild oat economic threshold densities varied among years, and were strongly influenced by barley price and expected wild oat-free yield. Economic thresholds were greater at higher barley plant densities. Barley seed weight decreased with increasing barley plant density, and to a lesser extent with increasing wild oat density. The interactive effect of wild oat and barley plant density on wild oat seed yield varied significantly with year, and appeared to be influenced by climatic conditions. The cooler, wetter spring of 1996 favored wild oat seed production (by several orders of magnitude) compared with the relatively warmer and drier spring of 1995. Each year wild oat seed yield and shoot dry weight decreased as barley plant density increased. The results suggest that seeding barley at relatively high rates may reduce the need for wild oat control with herbicides in zero tillage systems. Key words: Zero tillage, wild oat interference, barley seeding rate, nonlinear regression

COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND TRIAZINE-RESISTANT Brassica

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. A. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Assimilation

In spaced field plantings, triazine-resistant types of Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L. had a carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) 28% lower in 1983 and 25% lower in 1984 than normal (triazine-susceptible) types. In plots simulating agronomic spacings in 1984, the difference between CER in normal and resistant types was 17% for B. campestris, 14% for B. napus and 13% for B. juncea L. Differences were apparent throughout the season and were not associated with any particular stage of growth. Resistant progeny from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible plants of B. napus exhibited reduced CER at all levels of photosynthetically active radiation and at all temperatures. There was no significant difference between plant types for chlorophyll a + b content or chlorophyll a/b ratio. Shoot dry weight, stomatal resistance and specific leaf weight were higher in the normal types, but there was no difference between types in either relative growth rate or net assimilation rate. The reduced biomass was not therefore linked to reduced CER.Key words: Carbon dioxide exchange rate, herbicide, oilseed, rapeseed

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