Effect of barley plant density on wild oat interference, shoot biomass and seed yield under zero tillage

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. O'Donovan ◽  
J. C. Newman ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
D. W. McAndrew
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Densities

There has been little research aimed at developing regression models to describe the effects of barley and wild oat plant density on barley yield loss, or wild oat biomass and seed yield. Such models are an important component of integrated weed management systems, and can help determine when weed control with herbicides is economical. Field experiments were conducted over 4 yr at Vegreville, Alberta, to determine the interactive effects of wild oat and barley plant density on barley and wild oat variables in a zero tillage system. A nonlinear regression model in most cases provided good descriptions of barley yield loss, wild oat shoot dry weight, and wild oat seed yield as functions of wild oat and barley plant densities. The interactive effect of wild oat and barley plant density on percentage barley yield loss did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) among years. A pooled regression model describing barley yield loss accounted for 57% of the variation, and provides a means of estimating yield loss due to wild oat in barley grown under zero tillage. Barley yield loss increased as wild oat density increased but the magnitude of the yield loss diminished with increasing barley plant density. Wild oat economic threshold densities varied among years, and were strongly influenced by barley price and expected wild oat-free yield. Economic thresholds were greater at higher barley plant densities. Barley seed weight decreased with increasing barley plant density, and to a lesser extent with increasing wild oat density. The interactive effect of wild oat and barley plant density on wild oat seed yield varied significantly with year, and appeared to be influenced by climatic conditions. The cooler, wetter spring of 1996 favored wild oat seed production (by several orders of magnitude) compared with the relatively warmer and drier spring of 1995. Each year wild oat seed yield and shoot dry weight decreased as barley plant density increased. The results suggest that seeding barley at relatively high rates may reduce the need for wild oat control with herbicides in zero tillage systems. Key words: Zero tillage, wild oat interference, barley seeding rate, nonlinear regression

scholarly journals Simulated mesotrione drift followed by glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon or glyphosate plus chlorimuron in soybean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
L. R. Brown ◽  
D. E. Robinson ◽  
K. Chandler ◽  
C. J. Swanton ◽  
R. E. Nurse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Herbicide Drift

There have been anecdotal accounts of increased crop sensitivity due to herbicide drift followed by an in-crop herbicide. An experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007 at Elora, Ridgetown, and Woodstock, Ontario, to determine the effects of simulated mesotrione drift followed by in-crop applications of glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon and glyphosate plus chlorimuron on glyphosate-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] visual injury, plant height, plant density, shoot dry weight, and seed yield. As the rate of simulated mesotrione drift increased, there was an increase in soybean injury and a decrease in shoot dry weight, height, and yield. Simulated mesotrione drift followed by bentazon resulted in synergistic responses in injury shortly after application in some environments. This increase in injury was transient, with no synergistic responses in density, shoot dry weight, and yield. In contrast, antagonistic responses were observed when glyphosate, imazethapyr, or glyphosate plus chlorimuron were applied after simulated mesotrione drift in some environments. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the interactions of drift followed by the application of an in-crop herbicide. Key words: Bentazon, chlorimuron, glyphosate, imazethapyr, mesotrione, synergism

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of soil nitrogen removal by catch crops based on growth and water use

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Yasutake ◽  
K. Kondo ◽  
S. Yamane ◽  
M. Kitano ◽  
M. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Catch Crop ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
By Catch

Abstract A new methodology for comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of nitrogen (N) removal from greenhouse soil by catch crop was proposed in relation to its growth and water use. The N removal is expressed as the product of five parameters: net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, shoot dry weight, water use efficiency for N removal, and water requirement for growth. This methodology was applied to the data of a greenhouse experiment where corn was cultivated under three plant densities. We analyzed the effect of plant density and examined the effectiveness of the methodology. Higher plant densities are advantageous not only for total N removal but also for water use efficiency in N removal and growth because of the large specific leaf area, shoot dry weight, and decreased soil evaporation. On the other hand, significant positive or negative linear relationships were found between all five parameters and N removal. This should improve the understanding of the N removal mechanisms and the interactions among its components. We show the effectiveness of our analytical methodology, which can contribute to identifying the optimum plant density according to the field situations (available water amount, soil N quantity to be removed) for practical catch crop cultivation.

Canola seed yield and phenological responses to plant density

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gan Yantai ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
H. Randy Kutcher ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Byron Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Plant Densities

Optimal plant density is required to improve plant phenological traits and maximize seed yield in field crops. In this study, we determined the effect of plant density on duration of flowering, post-flowering phase, and seed yield of canola in diverse environments. The field study was conducted at 16 site-years across the major canola growing area of western Canada from 2010 to 2012. The cultivar InVigor® 5440, a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, was grown at five plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plants m−2) in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Canola seed yield had a linear relationship with plant density at 8 of the 16 site-years, a quadratic relationship at 4 site-years, and there was no correlation between the two variables in the remaining 4 site-years. At site-years with low to medium productivity, canola seed yield increased by 10.2 to 14.7 kg ha−1 for every additional plant per square metre. Averaged across the 16 diverse environments, canola plants spent an average of 22% of their life cycle flowering and another 27% of the time filling seed post-flowering. Canola seed yield had a negative association with duration of flowering and a positive association with the days post-flowering but was not associated with number of days to maturity. The post-flowering period was 12.7, 14.7, and 12.6 d (or 55, 68, and 58%) longer in high-yield experiments than in low-yield experiments in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. We conclude that optimization of plant density for canola seed yield varies with environment and that a longer post-flowering period is critical for increasing canola yield in western Canada.

Effect of plant density and herbicide application on alfalfa seed and weed yields

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
R. W. Richards ◽  
G. B. Schaalje
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Seed Yields

Alfalfa was seeded in row spacings of 36, 72 and 108 cm and at broadcast seeding rates of 0.33, 1.0 and 3.0 kg ha−1 on irrigated land at Tilley (1983) and Lethbridge (1984), Alberta to determine the effect of plant density on weed growth and alfalfa seed yield. During the seed-producing years at each location, herbicide treatments were overlaid on seeding treatments in a split-block arrangement to assess the joint effect of herbicides and plant density on alfalfa seed yield. Hexazinone was the main herbicide used for weed control. Alfalfa seed and weeds were harvested for 5 yr following alfalfa establishment. Alfalfa seed yields tended to be maximum with 36-cm row spacings or the 3.0 kg ha−1 broadcast seeding rate, and were similar in row-seeded and broadcast-seeded alfalfa. Dry matter yields of weeds decreased as row spacings decreased or the broadcast seeding rate increased. Hexazinone controlled quackgrass, sow thistle, flixweed and kochia. In the experiment at Tilley with perennial weed infestations, mean alfalfa seed yields from 1984 to 1985 were 20% larger when herbicides were used than in the untreated check. Alfalfa plant densities slightly larger than currently recommended usually produced the largest seed yields and smallest weed infestations. Key words: Medicago sativa, quackgrass, kochia, sow thistle, flixweed, hexazinone

Temperature Effect of Phytotoxicity of Soil-Applied Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. G. Mulder ◽  
J. D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Experiments were conducted in controlled environmental chambers to determine the influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of seven soil-applied herbicides. Diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil incorporated or surface applied, was more toxic to wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) shoots at 10 and 17 C than at 24 C. Efficacy of diclofop was enhanced with soil incorporation. Diclofop toxicity to wild oat roots was not influenced by a change in temperature. EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) stimulated sugarbeet(Beta vulgarisL. ‘American Crystal Hybrid B’) shoot dry weight production at 10 C and caused dry weight reduction at 24 C. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] toxicity to barley(Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’) and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] toxicity to oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Chief’) increased with increased temperature from 10 to 17 C. Temperatures within the range of 10 to 24 C did not affect trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) toxicity to barley or BAY-5653 [N-(2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylurea] or chloamben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) toxicity to oats.

Yield losses caused by virus infection in four combinations of non-persistently aphid-transmitted virus and cool-season crop legume

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Latham ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
B. A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Individual Seed ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Field experiments provided quantitative information on the yield losses caused by virus infection within 4 different combinations of non-persistently aphid-transmitted virus and cool-season crop legume: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in chickpea, faba bean and lentil, and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in lentil. Virus infection foci were introduced into plots and naturally occurring aphids spread infection from these to the other plants. Plants were tagged individually when typical virus symptoms first appeared during the growing period. Paired plant comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were made to measure different yield loss parameters. Late infection with AMV in faba bean cv. Fiord diminished shoot dry weight by 41% and seed yield by 45%, but plants infected earlier recovered sufficiently from their initial shock reaction not to produce significant yield losses. In plants of lentil cv. Matilda first showing symptoms at different times, infection with AMV decreased shoot dry weight by 74–76%, seed yield by 81–87% and individual seed weight by 10–21%, while CMV diminished shoot dry weight by 72–81%, seed yield by 80–90% and individual seed yield by 17–25%. Early infection with AMV killed plants of chickpea cv. Tyson while later infection decreased shoot dry weight by 50%, seed yield by 98% and individual seed weight by 90%. The first tentative evidence for seed transmission of AMV in faba bean is reported with a transmission rate of 0.04%.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF WEEDS TO SUNFLOWER UNDER ZERO TILLAGE AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Alternative Site

In order to investigate the effect of no tillage compared with the conventional cultivation and phosphorus fertilization (100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) P2O5 to the weeds grown in the sunflower field variety Aqmar, a field trial was conducted at the experimental farm (alternative site of College of Agriculture- University of Baghdad) Abu- Ghraib during the spring and fall seasons of 2015. the experiment was carried –out by using R.C.B.D. with in split-split arrangement. The results revealed that un ploughed and un weedy treatments had the lowest means of the dry weight and seeds yield. The results, also revealed a significant increase in the weed density, weed dry weight, seeds yield and its components with the increasing of phosphorus fertilizer from 100 to 300 kg ha-1 in both seasons. It can be concluded, that growing sunflower with was reduced the weed density and its distribution in the field, and this caused to zero weed competition reduction to the crop and consequently increased the seeds yield and its components. However, increased phosphor fertilizer levels raised weeds density, their dry weight and seed yield of sunflower.

scholarly journals Performance of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan. L) Varieties under Different Spacings During Rabi Season

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
K. Indudha Reddy ◽  
A. V. Ramanjaneyulu ◽  
M. V. Nagesh Kumar ◽  
C. V. Sameer Kumar ◽  
M. Venkata Ramana
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Rabi Season ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Benefit Cost

An experiment was conducted with the objective of ascertaining the feasibility of cultivation of pigeonpea during rabi season in the alfisols of Southern Telangana Zone. Further, it was designed to understand the performance of pigeonpea genotypes at various plant densities and also the economics of pigeonpea cultivation during rabi season. It consisted of 12 treatments with four plant densities in main plots and three genotypes in sub plots in split plot design. The pooled data of 2015-16 and 2016-17 revealed that significantly higher seed yield (1532 kg ha-1) was recorded at plant density of 60 cm × 10 cm spacing than at 45cm × 10cm (1332 kg/ha), 75 cm × 10 cm (1321 kg/ha) and 90 cm × 10 cm (1141 kg/ha). Among the genotypes, the seed yield in PRG-158 (1547 kg/ha) and Asha (ICPL 87119) (1591 kg/ha) was on par with each other but significantly higher than in PRG-176 (857 kg/ha). The higher gross returns (Rs. 77366 ha-1), net returns (Rs.46733 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.53) was recorded at plant density of 60 cm × 10 cm spacing than at other tested plant densities (45 cm × 10 cm, 75 cm × 10 cm and 90 cm × 10 cm). Among the genotypes, Asha (ICPL 87119) registered highest gross returns (Rs. 80346 ha-1), net returns (Rs.49711 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.62) followed by PRG-158 (gross returns of Rs. 78124ha-1, net returns of Rs.47489 ha-1 and benefit cost ratio of 2.55) and PRG-176 (gross returns of Rs. 43279ha-1, net returns of Rs.13144 ha-1 and benefit cost ratio of 1.44). Thus, the spacing of 60 cm × 10 cm is recommended for the cultivation of pigeonpea during rabi season in alfisols of Southern Telangana Zone with long duration varieties like PRG-158 and Asha (ICPL-87119).

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF DATE OF PLANTING AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON GROWTH COMPONENTS OF COLUMBUS GRASS (SORGHUM ALMUM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
I. R. Muhammad ◽  
M. S Kallah ◽  
E. O. Otchere ◽  
J. P. Otchere ◽  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Northern Guinea Savanna ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
High Tillering

Trials were conducted at Gangora in the northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria during the 1990 and 1991 rainy seasons. The effects of date of planting (4th,14th, 24th June and 4th  July) and levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50,100, 150 and 200kg/ha) on growth components of Sorghum almum  were investigated. Planting in mid-June (14th June) in 1990 and early-July (4th July) in 1991 resulted in superior stand established and dry matter yields (p<0.05) than other dates. In mid-June and early-July planting 14 day post-planting, plant densities were 7.0 and 9.0 culms/m2 while plant heights were 20.4 and 11.3cm for the respective years. It had high tillering capacity and irrespective of date of planting (except for early-June planting) plant densities by 56 days post-planting (DPP) were greater than 100 culms/m2. Plant height at this stage were greater than 100 culms/m2 and were generally above 200cm. ninety DPP the pasture was at full bloom/hard dough stage. Dm yields then ranged from 8.0 to 11.4 tDM/ha in 1990 and 9.6 to 14.7 tDM/ha in 1991. Similarly seed yield for the respective years were 894.7 and 836.3 kg/ha. Fertilizer application (p<0.05) plant vigour, tillering and dry matter yield up to the highest N applied. In the first years trial, plant density at 35 days post-planting ranged from 12.0 to 29.0 culms/m2 while in the second year the ranged was 13.0 to 26.0 culms/m2. The corresponding values at 56 DPP (i.e 42 days following N application) were 32.0 to 81.0 and 45.0 to 101.0 culms/m2. Dry matter yields rose steadily from 6.5 to 12.5 tDM/ha in 1990 and from 8.9 to 13.6 tDM/ha in 1991 as fertilizer was increased 0 to 200 kgN/ha. Seed yield during the same period for the respective years varied from 416.0 to 753.0kg/ha. This study has shown that planting between mid-June and early-July with fertilize application of 100 to 200 khN/ha favour S. almum establishment and production in the northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen and plant growth regulators on seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2338-2343
Author(s):  
Arpana D. Vaja ◽  
J. B. Patel ◽  
R.N. Daki ◽  
Shital A. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Vigour Index

The present investigation on effect of nitrogen [N0 (Control), N1 (50 kg N/ha), N2 (100 kg N/ha), and N3 (150 kg N/ ha)] and plant growth regulators [G0 (Control), G1 (50 ppm GA3), G2 (50 ppm NAA) and G3 (500 ppm Cycocel)] on seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. GJB 3 was carried out at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during kharif 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in field as per randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications. The seed harvested from 16 different treatments combinations replicated thrice from the field were analyzed in the laboratory following completely randomized design (factorial) for various seed quality parameters. Application of nitrogen @ 150 kg N/ha recorded significantly (P<0.05) highest seed yield per plant, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and vigour index – 2 (mass), while application of 100 kg N/ha resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight and vigour index – 1 (length). Application of GA3 at 50 ppm recorded significantly the highest seed yield per plant, germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, vigour index – 1 (length) and vigour index – 2 (mass). Among the 16 different treatment combinations, nitrogen @ 150 kg/ha and GA3 50 ppm noted the maximum seed yield per plant, shoot dry weight and vigour index – 2 (mass), while significantly the maxi-mum germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and vigour index – 1 (length) were registered in treatment combination nitrogen 100 kg N/ha and GA3 @ 50 ppm. Therefore, it is advised that application of 100-150 kg of N/ha as a nitrogenous fertilizer and spray GA3 @ 50 ppm (G1) at 45 days after transplanting helps in increasing the seed yield per plant and seed quality parameters in brinjal seed production.

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