Effects of residues of crop plants on germination and early growth of wheat

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
JV Lovett ◽  
RS Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Leguminous Crops

In experiments conducted under controlled and field conditions residues of a range of crop plants were found to affect germination, emergence, height of the coleoptile and length of the longest seminal root of wheat. Rape and some leguminous crops exerted the greatest phytotoxic effects. Phytotoxicity was increased when crop residues were incorporated into soil rather than being left on the surface. The phytotoxins did not kill the test species, but it is argued that their effects would disadvantage such a species under field conditions and that instances of such effects are likely to increase as the practices of minimal tillage and stubble retention become more widely adopted.

scholarly journals Estimation of ascochytosis infection of samples and lines of chickpea sorts in natural field conditions in Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
J. T. Nakhalbaev ◽  
I. Kh. Khamdamov
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
The Third ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Sowing Period ◽  
Research Institute

Relevance and methods. The information on the influence of samples of chickpea sorts, time of planting the lines of chickpeas on seed infection with ascochytosis and on the weight of grain on one plant bush is presented in this article. Samples of chickpea sorts and lines were studied during the first sowing period — the first decade of March and the second sowing period — the third decade of March. Ascochytosis infection was evaluated in natural field conditions. The study was conducted at the Central Experimental Station of the Galaaral Research Institute of Grain and Leguminous Crops in 2015–2017 in Uzbekistan.Results. According to the three-year study, it was found that in the years when there was a lot of precipitation days, sorts Yulduz, ILC 263 and MП 2015/1 of the lines during the first sowing were determined to be infected with acochytosis up to 6 points. During the first sowing period of this cv., there was a decrease in the weight of grains on one plant bush compared to the second sowing period. Cv. ILC 3279, Umid and line 14442 were found to be virtually undamaged in natural field conditions with ascohitosis during both planting periods. It wasfound our that the weight of cv. Мustaqillik-20, line 14442 grain on one plant bush remained high during both planting periods.

scholarly journals Phytotoxic effects of Cerbera manghas L. leaf extracts on seedling elongation of four monocot and four dicot test species

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichsan Nurul Bari ◽  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Cerbera Manghas

Exploration of allelochemicals with phytotoxic effects is intended to minimize a current dependency on synthetic herbicides in weed management. Several allelochemicals from the tropical tree <em>Cerbera manghas</em> (sea mango) have been reported as termiticides and bactericides. The present study investigated possible phytotoxic effects of <em>C. manghas</em> leaf extracts under laboratory conditions. Four monocots: barnyard grass (<em>Echinochloa crus-galli</em>), foxtail fescue (<em>Vulpia myuros</em>), Italian ryegrass (<em>Lolium multiflorum</em>), and timothy (<em>Phleum pratense</em>) and four dicots: alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>), garden cress (<em>Lepidium sativum</em>), lettuce (<em>Lactuca sativa</em>), and rapeseed (<em>Brassica napus</em>) were used as test species. Elongation of both shoots and roots of seedlings was measured to assess any phytotoxic effects. The results showed that the sensitivities of shoots and roots were different between the test species, and the inhibition of seedling elongation significantly increased with increasing concentration of leaf extracts of <em>C. manghas</em> for all the test species. The IC<sub>50</sub> (50% inhibitory concentration) values showed that 8.50–32.30 and 4.26–34.67 mg dry weight equivalent extract mL<sup>−1</sup> of <em>C. manghas</em> inhibited seedling elongation by 50%, for shoots and roots respectively. Isolation and identification of the phytotoxic substances from <em>C. manghas</em> are suggested for future investigation.

scholarly journals Root parsley protection against damping off

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Fungicide Mixtures

Seed treatment ofroot parsley was done to protect <i>Petroselinum santivum</i> seedlings against damping off. Fungicides used as seed dressers were applied in 3 doses: 3, 5 and 10 g/kg. Seeds were treated with 7 dressers (Table l) used separately and in mixture with 3 g/kg of Rovral 50 WP (50% iprodione) and 1 g/kg of Apron 35 SD (35% metalaxyl). Two seed samples of Berlińska cultivar were used: first sample was strongly infected by <i>Alternaria petroselini</i> and <i>A.radicina</i> both 27,6% and also by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. 5,4% (Test I), and second sample revealed lower percentage of infection 4,6% and 1,2%, respectively (Test II). The experiments were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Complete seedlings protection in all experiments was achieved for treatments when fungicide mixture was used in the highest dose (10 g/kg). Decrease of fungicides concentrations were connected with lower effectiveness of disease control. No phytotoxic effects of the tested fungicide mixtures were observed under the glasshouse or field conditions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Parthenium Weed-Amended Substrates on the Germination and Early Growth of a Range of Pasture and Crop Species

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Boyang Shi ◽  
Kunjithapatham Dhileepan ◽  
Steve Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parthenium Weed ◽  
Test Plants

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an internationally important invasive weed native to the tropical and sub-tropical Americas, and invasive in more than 30 countries. This weed has serious adverse influences on rangeland and agricultural crop production, on human and animal health, and on the biodiversity of natural communities. Parthenium weed leaf litter can reduce seedling emergence and affect the early growth of a wide range of pasture and crop species. Soil collected from a heavily infested parthenium weed area was shown to reduce seedling emergence of a wide range of test plants (lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), curly windmill grass (Enteropogon acicularis L.), and liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv.)) by between 20 to 40%; however, the soil had no effect on the subsequent growth of the surviving test plants. Soil amended with dried parthenium weed leaf litter reduced the emergence of test species by ca. 20 to 40%, but it had no effect on the growth of the surviving test plants. One week after emergence, the growth of all test species was stimulated by 9 to 86% in the leaf litter-amended soil with the increased growth matching the increased amounts leaf litter amended. In parthenium weed-infested landscapes, the substrate (soil) is affected by the plant during the growing season by the release of allelopathic chemicals. However, the plant’s litter can affect the community outside of the growing season, first through a residual allelopathic activity, but also by a fertilizing effect as litter breakdown occurs. This study demonstrates the significant ability of parthenium weed to affect plant communities throughout the year and, when considered over several years, this may lead to the creation of a complete monoculture of the weed.

Influence of Soil Temperature on Seedling Emergence and Early Growth of Peanut Cultivars in Field Conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. V. Prasad ◽  
K. J. Boote ◽  
J. M. G. Thomas ◽  
L. H. Allen ◽  
D. W. Gorbet
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

scholarly journals Image-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping of Cereals Early Vigor and Weed-Competitiveness Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3877
Author(s):  
Shlomi Aharon ◽  
Zvi Peleg ◽  
Eli Argaman ◽  
Roi Ben-David ◽  
Ran N. Lati
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
Cereal Breeding ◽  
Early Vigor

Cereals grains are the prime component of the human diet worldwide. To promote food security and sustainability, new approaches to non-chemical weed control are needed. Early vigor cultivars with enhanced weed-competitiveness ability are a potential tool, nonetheless, the introduction of such trait in breeding may be a long and labor-intensive process. Here, two image-driven plant phenotyping methods were evaluated to facilitate effective and accurate selection for early vigor in cereals. For that purpose, two triticale genotypes differentiating in vigor and growth rate early in the season were selected as model plants: X-1010 (high) and Triticale1 (low). Two modeling approaches, 2-D and 3-D, were applied on the plants offering an evaluation of various morphological growth parameters for the triticale canopy development, under controlled and field conditions. The morphological advantage of X-1010 was observed only at the initial growth stages, which was reflected by significantly higher growth parameter values compared to the Triticale1 genotype. Both modeling approaches were sensitive enough to detect phenotypic differences in growth as early as 21 days after sowing. All growth parameters indicated a faster early growth of X-1010. However, the 2-D related parameter [projected shoot area (PSA)] is the most available one that can be extracted via end user-friendly imaging equipment. PSA provided adequate indication for the triticale early growth under weed-competition conditions and for the improved weed-competition ability. The adequate phenotyping ability for early growth and competition was robust under controlled and field conditions. PSA can be extracted from close and remote sensing platforms, thus, facilitate high throughput screening. Overall, the results of this study may improve cereal breeding for early vigor and weed-competitiveness.

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