Biofuel from hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil over Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst

The effects of reaction temperature on the hydrocarbon composition of biofuel produced in hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil with Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst were investigated. The incipient wetness impregnation method was applied to prepare the Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts. Furthermore, the properties of catalysts were measured by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry, and nitrogen physisorption. Hydrocracking process was carried out in Parr USA pressure batch reactor at pressure of 20 � 5 bar after flowing H2 for 1 h. The reaction with a catalyst/oil ratio of 1 g/150 mL proceeded at various temperatures of 350, 375 and 400 �C for 2 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was�used to analyze biofuel. The most abundant hydrocarbon compounds in biofuel were identified as pentadecane and heptadecane (a major diesel fuel compound) with a different amount at different reaction temperatures. It can be said that the hydrodecarboxylation/decarbonylation routes were the predominant reaction pathways and oxygen removal occurred during hydrocracking. The Cerbera manghas oil can be recommended as a promising biofeed to produce the gasoil as an alternative transportation fuel.

PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI BIJI BINTARO (CERBERA manghas Lin.) DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI RAGI DAN HIDROLISIS DENGAN ASAM SULFAT

The process of making bioethanol from Bintaro seeds (CERBERA manghas Lin.) has been carried out with a hydrolysis process through a sulfuric acid catalyst at a temperature of 60oC for 30 minutes and fermentation using yeast. Obtained glucose levels of 1.43% with 1.0 M sulfuric acid catalyst. For 30 minutes of hydrolysis time, a glucose level of 8.8% was obtained after the Bintaro seeds were fermented. Fermentation time for 5 days at a temperatur 100oC gives the ethanol content of 0.17%.

First Record of Erysiphe cf. elevata on Cerbera manghas (Apocynaceae) in China

Cerbera manghas L. (sea mango) is an evergreen shrub or small flowering tree up to12 m tall. It naturally occupies coastal habitats and is distributed from Seychelles in the Indian Ocean eastward to French Polynesia. In China, it is a popular ornamental urban species growing in roadside green belts, public parks, and residential areas in various coastal cities. In March 2019, powdery mildew symptoms were observed on six trees of C. manghas growing in a residential area near Minjiang University campus, in Minhou district of Fuzhou city. Approximately 60 % of leaves per plant were infected. Initial symptoms appeared as small circular to irregular white patches of superficial mycelia, conidiophores and conidia covered on both surfaces of leaves, which later coalesced and formed dense covered, resulting in discoloration and defoliation. Hyphae were septate, hyaline, smooth with simple to multilobed lobed appressoria formed singly or opposite pairs and 5 to 8 µm diam. Conidiophores were erect and 35 to 80 × 5 to 9 μm, composed of foot-cells, 20 to 35 × 5 to 9 µm, straight to usually curved or flexuous-sinuous at the base, followed by two to three shorter cells. Conidia were solitary, ellipsoid to oblong-elliptical, smooth, and 24 to 37 × 13 to 16 μm without fibrosin bodies. The teleomorph was not found on infected trees. These morphological characteristics were typical for anamorph of the genus Erysiphe (Braun and Cook 2012). To confirm fungal identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and LSU1/LSU2 (Scholin et al. 1994; White et al. 1990), respectively. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: MZ379159; LSU: MZ379160). BLAST analysis of sequences showed 99-100% similarity with Erysiphe elevata on Eucalyptus camaldulensis (LC177375), Catalpa bignonioides (MH638203), Tabernaemontana divaricata (MT802112), and Plumeria rubra (MH507182). Based on morphological and molecular analyses, the fungus was identified as E. elevata. To confirm pathogenicity, infected leaves were gently pressed onto the leaves of three healthy plants in separate pots, while three noninoculated plants were used as controls. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C with a relative humidity of 65% to 70%. Disease symptoms were observed only on the inoculated plants after 10 days and the fungus was morphologically identical to that of the original infected leaves. Previously E. elevata has been reported on Catalpa spp. (Cook et al. 2006) from Europe, while E. camaldulensis (Meeboon and Takamatsu 2017), P. rubra (Wu et al. 2019; Yeh et al. 2019), and T. divaricata (Xu et al. 2021) have been reported as hosts from Thailand, Taiwan and China respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. elevata on C. manghas in China and in the world. The disease would be a serious threat to ornamental plantings of C. manghas in China. References Braun, U., and Cook, R. T. A. 2012. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews). CBS Biodiversity Series No. 11. CBS, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Cook, R. T. A., et al. 2006. Mycol. Res. 110:672. Meeboon, J., and Takamatsu, S. 2017. Mycoscience 58:253. Scholin, C. A., et al. 1994. J. Phycol. 30:999. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Wu, H., et al. 2019. Plant Dis. 103:1035. Xu, D., et al. 2021. Plant Dis. 105:1203. Yeh, Y. W., et al. 2019. Plant Dis. 103:371.

UJI POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN BINTARO (Cerbera manghas) SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA BOTANI TERHADAP HAMA Spodoptera litura F.

Tanaman bintaro berpotensi sebagai bahan insektisida botani. Kajian tentang pemanfaatan daun bintaro untuk pengendalian hama belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak daun bintaro terhadap biologi serangga Spodoptera litura, sehingga dapat diketahui peluang pemanfaatannya untuk mengendalikan populasi hama tersebut di lapangan. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan tunggal berupa konsentrasi ekstrak daun bintaro yaitu, 0% (kontrol); 2,5%; 5,0%; 7,5%; 10%; dan 12,5%. Penelitian dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap di antaranya pembuatan ekstrak daun bintaro, pemeliharaan ulat grayak, dan uji kemanjuran ekstrak daun bintaro. Parameter pengamatan meliputi mortalitas hama, umur stadia, dan jumlah konsumsi pakan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun bintaroberpengaruh terhadap mortalitas serangga S. lituraF., memperpanjang masa stadia larva, mempersingkat masa stadia pupa, menurunkan persentase keberhasilan larva menjadi pupa, menurunkan kualitas imago, dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap selera makan.Kata kunci: biologi serangga, daun bintaro, insektisida botani, ulat grayak

The Effect of Bintaro (Cerbera manghas) Leaf Extract on Transmission of Aphids (Homoptera) in Chili (Capsicum annuum) Plants

One of the threats in the cultivation of chili is the presence of aphids attack.The study aims to determine the effect of bintaro / (Cerbera manghas)leaf extract spraying as a bio-pesticide on the transmission patterns of aphids in chili plants.The experimental method refers to the Painter resistance test(Painter, 1951). Factorial experiment with factor I treatment was the concentration of bintaro leaf extract with six levels namely 0.0% concentration; 2.5%concentration; 5.0%concentration; 7.5%concentration; 10.0%concentration; and 12.5%concentration. Factor II treatment was the frequency of spraying namely F1 sprayed once a week (sunday), and F2 is sprayed twice a week (Sunday and Wednesday). Overall there are 12 treatment combinations. The experimental unit is a polybag planted by one stem of chili per polybag so that it requires 60 plant polybags, carried out in a controlled field from the presence of other animals by covering it with a mosquito net. In the inside of the lid of mosquito net is infested with chili plants which are attacked by aphids. Source of inoculum of one plant stem attacked by aphids for each containment/lid (each experimental group).The number of insects that transmitted to the treatment plants was observed every two days or before spraying, while the damage to plants at the end of the experiment. The results showed that there were two types of aphids that attacked the inoculum source plant namely Bemesia tabaci (whitefly) and Aphis gossypii (Aphid) and there were symbionts in the form of black ants (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith). Transmission occurs since one day after infestation. Population density of the three insect species in each treatment was significantly different, there was an interaction between treatment concentrations with the frequency of bintaro leaf extract spraying, but the density was not consistent from one observation to the next. Plant damage occurs in all plants and the frequency of spraying can reduce damage to the chili plants.