scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro techniques for the assessment of the energy content of feed grains for poultry: a review

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The focus of this paper is on the energy evaluation of foodstuffs, particularly of food grains for poultry. Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) is currently the preferred feeding system for poultry but net energy systems are future possibilities and one is currently being used in some poultry growth models. These systems take into account the efficiency with which AME is being utilised by the bird. Aspects such as AME adjusted to zero nitrogen retention and true metabolisable energy (TME) are discussed. Shortcomings of the AME system are also discussed and recent net energy systems are described briefly. The in vitro prediction of AME or TME has not shown great promise although the European Tables of Energy Values for Foodstuffs contain detailed analysis of chemical composition and AMEn data allowing improved accuracy of prediction. It is suggested that data generated on Australian grains should be tested using these tables, and if successful, these tables may be useful to industry. Near infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) is likely to be the preferred in vitro method for predicting a range of characteristics of food grains including AME. A new method of grain evaluation developed in Canada is described and this approach, with modification, may be worth pursuing in Australia. For the in vivo method of measuring AME of grains, the classical total collection method with broiler chickens is recommended with minor changes. The use of acid-insoluble ash for estimating dry matter digestibility for subsequent determination of AME may have merit. A rapid assay appropriate to laying hens is proposed because of the known increase in AME of grains as birds age. It has been established that AME values generated using adult cockerels also apply reasonably well to hens.

Prediction of the metabolisable energy content of whole crop wheat from chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
A T Adesogan ◽  
D I Givens ◽  
E Owen
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Public attitudes and expense encourage the replacement of in vivo forage evaluation techniques with non-invasive, laboratory-based techniques. This study assessed the accuracy of predicting the metabolisable energy (ME) content of whole crop wheat (WCW) from less animal-dependent techniques.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods used to predict the in vivo digestibility of feeds in ruminants

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kitessa ◽  
G. G. Irish ◽  
P. C. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Feed Samples

Digestibility is a very useful index of the energy content of ruminant feeds, but cheaper and quicker laboratory methods are required as an alternative to the ultimate measure of in vivo digestibility using animals. These methods involve either prediction of digestibility from chemical composition or in vitro and in situ simulation of the digestion process. This review presents a range of chemical and in vitro techniques for predicting digestibility, together with an assessment of their advantages and limitations, particularly the degree to which they account for the sources of variation in in vivo digestibility in ruminants. In situ digestion of feed samples in the actual rumen environment is probably the most accurate of the non in vivo procedures, but is not suitable for routine application. Thein vitro gas production technique offers no advantages in prediction of total tract digestibility, but is useful for screening cereal grains for rate of starch hydrolysis in the rumen. The preferred procedure for routine laboratory prediction of digestibility is the pepsin-cellulase technique, provided amylase is included or high temperature digestion is used for samples high in starch content. Prediction of digestibility from chemical composition is not recommended. The optical technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy can be calibrated against any of the methods outlined in this review, and is unsurpassed in terms of speed and repeatability. Direct NIR prediction of in vivo digestibility is also possible, but is limited by the lack of adequate numbers of feed samples with known in vivo values. Future work should be aimed at filling this gap and also improving the accuracy of laboratory methods for predicting the digestibility of low quality feeds.

Upconversion Luminescence Imaging of Tumors with EGFR-Affibody Conjugated Nanophosphors

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (46-47) ◽  
pp. 2461-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Badieirostami ◽  
Colin Carpenter ◽  
Guillem Pratx ◽  
Lei Xing ◽  
Conroy Sun
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Upconversion Luminescence ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Great Promise

ABSTRACTNear infrared (NIR) optical imaging has demonstrated significant potential as an effective modality for cancer molecular imaging. Among various NIR probes currently under investigation, upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) possess great promise due to their anti-Stokes emission and sequential photon absorption which result in superior detection sensitivity and a simple imaging setup, respectively. Here we investigated the utility of this imaging modality to detect tumor cells expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using affibody functionalized nanophosphors and a custom built imaging system. Initially, aqueous dispersible NaYF4: Tm+3, Yb+3 UCNPs were synthesized and their photophysical properties were characterized. Then, their luminescence response as a function of concentration and their depth resolving capability in a tissue-simulating phantom were examined. Finally, we demonstrated the use of bioconjugated UCNPs for imaging EGFR-expressing tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggests that NIR imaging with UCNPs may be useful for noninvasive imaging of tumors.

Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yegani ◽  
D. R. Korver
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Physico Chemical

Yegani, M. and Korver, D. R. 2012. Review: Prediction of variation in energetic value of wheat for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 261–273. Variations in physical and chemical characteristics of wheat can significantly influence the energy availability of this feed ingredient for poultry. These variations can result in inefficiencies in the form of over- or under-formulation of the diets at commercial feed mills or on poultry farms. Therefore, having a clear understanding of the variations is of paramount importance in the formulation of poultry diets as they can have negative consequences for production performance of birds. There are a large number of factors that can contribute to variations in energy availability of wheat for poultry. This review is intended to briefly discuss these factors and also practical approaches that can be used to predict these variations. These approaches include measuring physico-chemical characteristics, in vivo digestibility trials, in vitro digestibility techniques, and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). There are limitations associated with physico-chemical and in vivo measurements. However, in vitro digestibility techniques are simple and fast and can provide data for database development and ongoing calibrations of NIRS systems. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has enormous potential to predict variations in wheat apparent metabolizable energy, leading to more accurate diet formulation.

PREDICTING NITROGEN AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FORAGES USING NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. WINCH ◽  
HELEN MAJOR
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Nitrogen

A Technicon Infra Alyzer 2.5, near infrared reflectance analyzer equipped with the six filters (1.68, 1.94, 2.10, 2.15, 2.23, 2.31 μm) which are used for the estimation of percent nitrogen, oil and moisture of grain crops was evaluated for the analyses of percent total nitrogen, in vitro and in vivo dry matter digestibility in grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixtures. Of the three quality parameters, only percent nitrogen was estimated with an acceptable degree of accuracy. The analyzer, therefore, has a potential for rapid nitrogen analysis of grasses, legumes and grass-legume mixtures. Correlation coefficients of 0.90 and above were obtained between infrared and Kjeldahl nitrogen when the nitrogen content of grasses or legume test samples was derived on either a grass or a legume calibration. A slight decrease in the standard error of prediction occurred when grass and legume calibrations were used to estimate nitrogen content of grass and legume samples, respectively. To insure accuracy, samples used to develop calibrations as well as those to be analyzed should be finely ground. In addition, the moisture content of the samples must be kept within the moisture range of the calibration.

scholarly journals Study of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality for feeding ruminants using in vitro and in vivo methods

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pozdíšek ◽  
K. Vaculová
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

: Nutrient digestibility and parameters of nutritive value for ruminants of two winter wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum</I> L.) cultivars were evaluated by means of an <I>in vivo</I> balance trial performed by the regression method on two groups of heifers with an increasing proportion of grain in DM (from 6 to 46%). Sulamit and Rapsodia, chosen on the basis of the <I>in vitro</I> test from a set of 25 cultivars (grown in 2002–2004) reached significant differences in DM fermentability <I>in vitro</I> (by 43.7–78.6 ml/g DM, <I>P</I> < 0.05). <I>In vivo</I> digestibility of crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, organic matter, parameters of N retention, energy concentrations (metabolisable energy, net energy for lactation and for fattening) and parameters in the PDI system (especially PDIE) increased along with the grain proportion in the diet. At the comparable proportion of grain in the ration the positive differences were significantly higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) for Sulamit than Rapsodia.

scholarly journals The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Sedat Baran ◽  
Selçuk Altaçli ◽  
Oktay Kaplan ◽  
Suphi Deniz
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

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