The digestion of chopped and ground roughages by sheep. II. Digestion of nitrogen and some carbohydrate fractions in the stomach and intestines

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Relative Extent ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se

A study of the intake and digestion of lucerne and wheaten hays was made with Merino wethers offered chopped hay near ad libitum, ground hay at the same level as the chopped hay, and ground hay near ad libitum. These treatments were imposed to separate the effects of grinding per se from those associated with the increased intakes of roughages permitted by grinding. The following conclusions were reached: (1) Grinding permitted a substantial increase in food consumption on both diets. (2) Grinding per se of both hays produced little change in the relative importance of stomach and intestines as sites of digestion of any of the feed components studied. Grinding had no effect on the digestibility of lucerne hay but reduced that of wheaten hay, mainly by reducing the digestion of the cell wall constituents. (3) When both ground hays were offered near ad libitum, digestibility was reduced, mainly because of a fall in digestibility of the cell wall constituents. With lucerne hay, grinding increased the organic matter intake by 37% above chopped hay but the organic matter digested was increased by only 27%. By contrast, on wheaten hay an increase of 42% in organic matter intake on ground hay resulted in the digestion of only 18% more organic matter than on chopped hay. On both diets the relative extent of digestion occurring in stomach and intestines was similar to that observed with chopped hay. (4) On all three lucerne diets there was a net loss of 22–25% of dietary nitrogen from the stomach. By contrast, on the wheaten hay diets a substantial gain of nitrogen occurred during the passage of digesta through the stomach; the amount of nitrogen gained was independent of feed processing and feed intake. The crude protein apparently digested in the intestines was approximately 17% of the total organic matter digested on the lucerne diets and 10–12% of that digested on the wheaten hay diets. (5) Within diets the relative proportions of individual rumen VFA were the same on chopped and ground hay offered near ad libitum. (6) Grinding probably did not cause any change in the composition of the end products of digestion. (7) On the lucerne hay diets, 16–20% of the organic matter digested in the rumen was soluble carbohydrate, on wheaten hay approximately 40–50%.

Energy values of whole lucerne (Medicago sativa) and of its stem and leaf fractions in immature and fully grown sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Chopped lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) and a stem fraction derived from it were fed to two adult and two immature wethers ad libitum and at a level near maintenance. Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balances were measured during feeding and fasting. The hay contained 17% crude protein and 46% cell wall constituents (dry matter basis) and the stem, which was 53% of the total, contained 10% crude protein and 64% cell wall. Voluntary dry matter consumption rates of the hay (per kg 3/4) were 103 and 145 g/day by the adults and immatures, respectively; the corresponding values for the stem were 73 and 100 g/day. Maximum daily energy balances were 290-3 16 kJ/kg3/4 for the hay and approximately maintenance for the stem. With both ad libitum and restricted feeding, energy digestibility was higher for the hay (56- 63%) than for the stem fraction (45-51%). The metabolizable fraction of digestible energy was 78% at the low and 82% at the high level of feeding and tended to be greater with the stem than with the hay. At the lower feed intake, metabolizable energy was about 10 and 8 MJ/kg organic matter for whole lucerne and stem respectively. Net availability of metabolizable energy was 64 and 49% for maintenance and gain on the hay, compared with 53 and 34% on the stem. As estimated by difference, the energy values of leaf were: digestible energy, 76%; metabolizable energy, 77% of digestible energy or 12.4 MJ/kg organic matter; net availability of metabolizable energy, 78% for maintenance and 60% for gain. All these figures are for the adult sheep; the immature animals gave values that were lower to various degrees. Consideration of the present results together with published data for other samples of lucerne suggests that the use of equations based on study of grasses to predict the energy values of lucerne is likely to introduce significant bias. Equations for this limited set of data on lucerne are given, gross energy being related to crude protein content, metabolizable energy to crude fibre and net availability of metabolizable energy to metabolizable energy content.

The digestion of nitrogen associated with plant cell wall in the stomach and small intestine of the sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
D Cell

The digestion of dietary cell wall constituents was estimated during measurements of the passage of digesta from the stomach and intestines of sheep. Two groups of four sheep were used, and they were fed on either mature wheaten hay at 600 g/d or immature dried ryegrass at 800 g/d. Cell wall constituents comprised c. 58.7% and 39.8% of the organic matter in the two diets, while the nitrogen associated with cell wall was equivalent respectively to 14.1 and 24.6 % of dietary nitrogen. With wheaten hay, 45 % of cell wall organic matter and 25 % of cell wall nitrogen were digested in the stomach. The corresponding values for ryegrass were, respectively, 81 and 89 %. The nitrogen in cell wall contributed about 9% of non-ammonia nitrogen in digesta leaving the stomach and 15 % in digesta leaving the ileum with wheaten hay, but only 4-5 % at each site with ryegrass. Although the release of amino acids from cell wall in the small intestine was less than from the remaining crude protein in digesta, it was concluded that the amounts involved were too small to have much effect on the apparent release of amino acids in digesta passing through the small intestine.

In situ degradability of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall of various tree forages

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kamatali ◽  
E. Teller ◽  
M. Vanbelle ◽  
G. Collignon ◽  
M. Foulon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

AbstractLeaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Calliandra callothyrsus were harvested in Rwanda from young shoots at 8 weeks after the first cutting. They were dried, ground and incubated at the same time in polyester bags in three non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows each fitted with a ruminal cannula. The bags were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after the start of incubations. The different parameters characterizing extent and rate of ruminal degradation of organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were calculated. In vitro digestibility of residual protein after 24 h and 48 h incubation was also determined. Sesbania sesban had lowest cell wall contents and gave highest ruminal degradability for OM, NDF and CP. Leucaena leucocephala was degraded to a lesser extent, but its undegraded protein had a somewhat higher in vitro digestibility. In contrast, protein of Calliandra callothyrsus was poorly degraded and digested. The proportion and composition of cell wall could not explain these differences in digestion characteristics and other measurements, such as tannins, were incriminated. Increased ruminal incubation time augmented the extent of ruminal degradation and reduced in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein but did not affect the undigestible protein fraction.

Effects of shade on some factors influencing nutritive quality of green panic and Siratro pastures

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CC Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Herbage Quality

The effect of illumination at 100, 60 and 40% sunlight over 4 months on herbage quality was studied in the legume, Siratro, and the grass, green panic, grown in small plots in the field in pure and 50 : 50 mixture swards, defoliated every 4 (D4) or 8 (D8) weeks. Laminae and stems of defined ages were harvested periodically from the D8 treatment, and after 8 and 16 weeks the D4 and D8 canopies were sampled in 10-cm strata for analysis of dry matter digestibility (DMD). Shading to 60 and 40% sunlight decreased the DMD of the green panic and the mixed swards by up to 10-12 percentage units in the D8 treatment. The shade effect on DMD was smaller in the D4 treatment. Shading increased leaf bulk density in the upper strata of the grass and mixed swards. The shade effect on sward DMD was due to a decrease in DMD of lamina and stem of green panic and, in the lower canopy, also to a decrease in leaf : stem ratio of the grass. The lower DMD of green panic was associated with lower total soluble carbohydrate and higher lignin in the shaded tissues. The concurrent decrease in cell wall content of green panic under shade (as a balance to higher crude protein) indicates that shade must have greatly reduced the digestibility of the cell wall material. The chemical composition and DMD of Siratro was largely unaffected by shade.

A note on the influence of a supplement of barley and dried lucerne on the intake of barley straw by cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level

SUMMARYSix castrated male cattle of 350 kg live weight were used in an incomplete Latin square design to measure intake and digestibility of barley straw offered ad libitum alone and with 5 levels, 1·5 to 7·5 kg/day, of a barley and dried lucerne concentrate. Straw intake declined and total organic-matter intake increased linearly with increasing concentrate level. On average 1 kg additional organic matter as concentrate, increased total organic-matter intake by 0·68 kg. There was no evidence that the crude protein content of the whole diet affected straw consumption.

Influence of clipping regime and silage quality on the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Heather J Black ◽  
D H B Chestnutt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

Winter clipping of breeding ewes has given variable increases in lamb birth weight associated mainly with increased ewe voluntary food intake (Rutter, Laird and Broadbent, 1972; Vipond, King, Inglis and Hunter, 1987). The requirement for energy is greatest during the last six weeks of pregnancy but increasing uterine occupation of rumen volume may limit the ewe's ability to increase intake after clipping in late pregnancy. The additional influence of forage quality on intake after clipping is not clear. The present experiment was designed to study the independent and interacting effects of clipping regime and silage quality on lambing performance.Sixty Greyface ewes of uniform age were individually penned 14 weeks before lambing. Precision chop silage offered ad libitum was either early cut [188.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg, 155.7 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, 740 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg DM] or late cut (184.5 g DM/kg, 100.9 g CP/kg DM, 689 g DOM/kg DM). For all treatments concentrate feeding was introduced 7 weeks before lambing, on an increasing scale to provide a total of 21 kg/ewe. Silage type was factorially arranged with 6 clipping regimes.

The relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrate ration on intake and yields of milk constituents by autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
R.D. Baker ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

The response in yields of milk constituents to increases in the amounts of standard dairy concentrate (SC, 200 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) given to cows consuming grass silage ad libitum were reported recently (Aston et al 1991; Baker et al 1991). A change of level however adjusts the supply of both energy and CP. Previous work also showed .linear responses in silage intake and milk and milk protein yields when CP was increased in a fixed ration of concentrate of constant energy value. In this trial energy and CP levels were varied Independently. The objective was to separate the effects of energy on the performance of lactating cows from those of CP.

The effect of stage of maturity in sheep upon intake and digestion of roughage diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Quality Measurements

In two experiments, weaner (15-17 kg liveweight) and mature (40-45 kg) Merino wethers were fed ad libitum on three chopped hays of varying quality. Measurements were made of intake and digestion of organic matter (OM) and cell wall content (CWC), retention time of a digesta marker, and the particle size distribution of CWC recovered in the faeces. When offered subterranean clover hay (OM digestibility 70 %) the weaners consumed 19 % more OM (g/kg0.75) than did the mature wethers, but the digestibilities of OM and CWC were similar for each age group. Possible reasons for this variation in intake are discussed. Intake and digestion of OM and CWC were similar for both groups given the two poorer hay diets (OMD, 56 and 46 %), but several weaners could not be sustained for long periods on the poorer of the two diets. Implications for young sheep grazing dry pastures are discussed.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep:V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. R. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dietary Origin

SUMMARYThe extents and sites of digestion of organic matter (OM), and its constituent watersoluble carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein have been studied in sheep prepared with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and fed four fresh herbage diets, Ruanui perennial ryegrass, Tama Westerwolds ryegrass, Pitau white clover and Fakir sainfoin, at each of two levels of intake.The water-soluble carbohydrate, organic acids and pectin of all diets were almost completely digested within the rumen. Some 10% of water soluble carbohydrate reached the duodenum on each diet, though this may not have been of dietary origin. Only on legume diets, where pectin concentration was higher, did measurable amounts of pectin reach the intestine, accounting for some 5% of the pectin.Hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities differed between diets, being lowest for sainfoin, and next lowest for clover. Between 79 and 94% of digestible hemicellulose was digested in the stomach, but diet and intake had no significant effect on this partition. Of the digestible cellulose, 87–97% was digested in the stomach.Digestibility of N was lowest for sainfoin and highest for Tama ryegrass. There were no significant differences between herbage species or intake in the percentage of digested N digested in the stomach or intestines. The tannin contained in sainfoin had no effect on nitrogen digestion.Data from this and other studies reported in the literature were examined as a basis for establishing prediction equations whereby the partition of digestion of the major carbohydrate and nitrogenous constituents in stomach and intestines might be estimated from data obtainable from standard digestibility trials. Regressions were developed for predicting the amounts of OM, cellulose, and hemicellulose digested in the stomach. There are not yet enough suitable data available to predict the amount of nitrogen entering the small intestine.

The relative importance of the total cell wall and quantity of digested cell wall in the regulation of the voluntary intake of grass hays by sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir ◽  
L. Laws ◽  
G. Blight
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Grass Breeding ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYIn 18 digestibility experiments with sheep, 9 diets consisting of single-grass hays and 9 diets each consisting of equal quantities of a good and poor quality hay were fed. Correlations between the voluntary intake of organic matter, digested organic matter, total cell wall and digested cell wall in all possible combinations were investigated. There were no significant differences among the simple correlation coefficients for hays fed singly or as mixtures, even though they were eaten in very different amounts. The simple pooled correlationswere significant (P < 0·01) among voluntary intake, digested organic matter and cell wall. The cell wall was significantly correlated with digested cell wall, but there was no simple correlation between voluntary intake and digested cell wall. However, when considered together in a multiple linear model they explained 58% of the variation in voluntary intake compared with 43% explained by the total cell wall alone. The additional variation accounted for by the digested cell wall was significant (P < 0·05).The relative importance of the total cell wall and digested cell wall is discussed in relation to selection in grass breeding.

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