Evolution of subterranean clover in South Australia. I. The strains and their distribution

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks ◽  
JR Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Viable Seeds

The distributions of the strains of subterranean clover were determined from the presence of burrs in wool collected at the Adelaide Wool Sales. Of 7600 samples examined, nearly 1300 contained viable seeds. This seed was grown, the strains were identified, and their distributions in South Australia were mapped. Subterranean clover was found in wool from most areas with more than 400 mm of rain. However, it was absent from the climatically favourable Yorke Peninsula, and it seems clear that distribution of subterranean clover in South Australia is limited by the presence of alkaline soils. Divergent strains are widespread in South Australia. In all, 435 divergent strains were discovered from 325 farms. The presence of these strains leads us to believe that genetic change in subterranean clover, previously thought to be genetically stable, has been brought about by infrequent outcrossings, mainly in mixtures of cultivars. We discuss evidence for this proposal, and the consequences that it has for seed certification schemes. The distribution of flowering time amongst the divergent strains differed from the cultivars. Many of them flowered about half way between the mid-season cultivar Mount Barker and the early-flowering cultivar Dwalganup. There was no strain later than Tallarook, the latest-flowering cultivar, and very few earlier than Dwalganup. Flowering time of the divergent strains was weakly related to the length of growing season of the farms which produced the wool. Strains were also discovered which were morphologically identical with a cultivar but which flowered either earlier or later. The first-released cultivars, Mount Barker and Dwalganup, were the most widely distributed of all strains. Indeed success, in terms of the number of seeds of a cultivar found in the wool, could be broadly related to the number of years since release. The data illustrate the significance of the early-flowering cultivars on the distribution of subterranean clover, but indicate that, apart from T. brachycalycinum, there is little need in South Australia for yet earlier cultivars.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

scholarly journals Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Urana is a hardseeded, moderately early flowering F5-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. subterraneum [(Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller] developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It has been selected for release as a new cultivar on the basis of its high winter and spring herbage production and overall field performance relative to other subterranean clovers of similar maturity. Urana is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. It is best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of 5–7 months, which extends into mid-October. Urana is suited to phase farming and crop rotations. It has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Evolution in sown populations of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. ) in South Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The seed banks of three pastures at Kingscote, Parndana and Waterloo, S.A., were sampled to determine the frequency of divergent genotypes in subterranean clover, and the direction of natural selection. The seeds were grown in nursery rows at Adelaide, and the resulting plants classified into one of the commercial cultivars, or as divergent genotypes. The divergent genotypes from one locality, Kingscote, were described in terms of 17 variables, and compared with strains collected from southern Australia and the Mediterranean basin. At each locality there was more genetic diversity than had been sown, both in terms of additional cultivars and the presence of divergent genotypes. The percentage of divergent genotypes appeared to be proportional to the age of the pasture, and was greatest at Kingscote, where it reached 67% of the population. The Kingscote genotypes were genetically related to Mt Barker and Dwalganup, only five out of 283 genotypes having leaf markings that differed from both cultivars. The 17 variables fell between the values recorded for Mt Barker and Dwalganup, and there was evidence of directional selection. For example, formononetin content was less, and genistein more than would be expected in the absence of natural selection. Mean flowering time was about equal to that of Seaton Park, and closer to Mt Barker than to Dwalganup. Flowering time was related to elevation above the lowest point in the paddock, the latest genotypes tending to inhabit sites at the foots of slopes, and the earliest genotypes sites on the tops. Seed and burr weight were slightly larger than expected. Hybridization was the most important, but not the sole source of genetic divergence at Kingscote, whereas contamination was the main source at Waterloo. It is likely that only a minority of the divergent genotypes was generated by mutation. The Australian subterranean clovers were as diverse as those from the Mediterranean. Those from Kingscote were also diverse, but, on the whole, had longer peduncles, shorter internodes and were taller than strains from other parts of Australia and from the Mediterranean basin.

Coolamon subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Clover Scorch ◽  
Pasture Legume

Coolamon is a mid-season to late-season flowering F4-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. subterraneum, developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a replacement for Junee and has been selected for release on the basis of its greater herbage production and persistence, and its resistance to both known races of clover scorch. Coolamon is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. It is best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of 6.5–8 months that extends into November. Coolamon is best suited to phase farming and permanent pasture systems. It can also be used in cropping rotations, but at least 2 years of pasture are required between crops. Coolamon has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

The effect of defoliation on flower production in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Three experiments were done in an open-sided glasshouse during the normal winter growing season. In experiment 1, swards of the Dwalganup strain which were severely defoliated, either after flower initiation or at early flowering, had 17% more flowers per unit ground area than uncut controls. Swards which were defoliated at both stages had 28% more flowers than the controls. In experiment 2, with single plants of the Dwalganup strain, comparable defoliations greatly decreased flower numbers per plant. The opposing effects of defoliation on flower numbers of single plants and of swards are believed to reflect opposing effects of defoliation on the rate of leaf appearance and on branching. In experiment 3, with single plants of the Dwalganup and Yarloop strains, either the young or the mature leaves were repeatedly removed before flower initiation. This delayed the date of commencement of flowering by 15–19 days; but the node of first flowering was not affected by defoliation.

scholarly journals North European invasion by common ragweed is associated with early flowering and dominant changes in FT/TFL1 expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2647-2658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejon E M Kralemann ◽  
Romain Scalone ◽  
Lars Andersson ◽  
Lars Hennig
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
The North ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract During the last two centuries, the North American common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) invaded a large part of the globe. Local adaptation of this species was revealed by a common garden experiment, demonstrating that the distribution of the species in Europe could extend considerably to the North. Our study compares two populations of common ragweed (one from the native range and one from the invaded range) that differ in flowering time in the wild: the invasive population flowers earlier than the native population under non-inductive long-day photoperiods. Experiments conducted in controlled environments established that the two populations differ in their flowering time even under inductive short-day photoperiods, suggesting a change in autonomous flowering control. Genetic analysis revealed that early flowering is dominantly inherited and accompanied by the increased expression of the floral activator AaFTL1 and decreased expression of the floral repressor AaFTL2. Early flowering is also accompanied by reduced reproductive output, which is evolutionarily disadvantageous under long vegetation periods. In contrast, under short vegetation periods, only early-flowering plants can produce any viable seeds, making the higher seed set of late-flowering plants irrelevant. Thus, earlier flowering appears to be a specific adaptation to the higher latitudes of northern Europe.

New Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the BTC1 gene of Sugar Beet

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
A.A. Nalbandyan ◽  
T.P. Fedulova ◽  
I.V. Cherepukhina ◽  
T.I. Kryukova ◽  
N.R. Mikheeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Flowering Time Control ◽  
Exon 10

The flowering time control gene of various sugar beet plants has been studied. The BTC1 gene is a regulator for the suppressor (flowering time 1) and inducer (flowering time 2) genes of this physiological process. The F9/R9 primer pair was used for polymerase chain reaction; these primers are specific to the BTC1 gene region containing exon 9, as well as intron and exon 10. For the first time, nucleotide substitutions in exon 10 of BTC1 gene were identified in bolting sensitive samples (HF1 and BF1), which led to a change in the amino acid composition of the coded polypeptide chain. Based on the results of bioinformatic analysis, it can be assumed that certain nucleotide polymorphisms in the BTC1 gene may determine with a high probability the predisposition of sugar beet genotypes to early flowering. The use of the Geneious Prime tool for the analysis of the BTC1 gene sequences may allow the culling of genotypes prone to early flowering at early stages of selection. sugar beet, flowering gene, BTC1, genetic polymorphism, PCR, molecular genetic markers, selection

scholarly journals Quantitative Control of Early Flowering in White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3856
Author(s):  
Sandra Rychel-Bielska ◽  
Anna Surma ◽  
Wojciech Bielski ◽  
Bartosz Kozak ◽  
Renata Galek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Major Qtls ◽  
Lupinus Albus L

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a pulse annual plant cultivated from the tropics to temperate regions for its high-protein grain as well as a cover crop or green manure. Wild populations are typically late flowering and have high vernalization requirements. Nevertheless, some early flowering and thermoneutral accessions were found in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining flowering time variance were identified in bi-parental population mapping, however, phenotypic and genotypic diversity in the world collection has not been addressed yet. In this study, a diverse set of white lupin accessions (n = 160) was phenotyped for time to flowering in a controlled environment and genotyped with PCR-based markers (n = 50) tagging major QTLs and selected homologs of photoperiod and vernalization pathway genes. This survey highlighted quantitative control of flowering time in white lupin, providing statistically significant associations for all major QTLs and numerous regulatory genes, including white lupin homologs of CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, FY, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4, SKI-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1, and VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3. This revealed the complexity of flowering control in white lupin, dispersed among numerous loci localized on several chromosomes, provided economic justification for future genome-wide association studies or genomic selection rather than relying on simple marker-assisted selection.

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of regulatory pathways involved in early flowering in the new leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by transcriptome analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Ma ◽  
Bei Liu ◽  
Lingqiao Ge ◽  
Yinyin Weng ◽  
Xiaohui Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Kinase Family ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Early Flowering Phenotype

Abstract Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial legume extensively planted throughout the world as a high nutritive value livestock forage. Flowering time is an important agronomic trait that contributes to the production of alfalfa hay and seeds. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of flowering time regulation in alfalfa are not well understood. Results In this study, an early-flowering alfalfa genotype 80 and a late-flowering alfalfa genotype 195 were characterized for the flowering phenotype. Our analysis revealed that the lower jasmonate (JA) content in new leaves and the downregulation of JA biosynthetic genes (i.e. lipoxygenase, the 12-oxophytodienoate reductase-like protein, and salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase) may play essential roles in the early-flowering phenotype of genotype 80. Further research indicated that genes encode pathogenesis-related proteins [e.g. leucine rich repeat (LRR) family proteins, receptor-like proteins, and toll-interleukin-like receptor (TIR)-nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-LRR class proteins] and members of the signaling receptor kinase family [LRR proteins, kinases domain of unknown function 26 (DUF26) and wheat leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase10 (LRK10)-like kinases] are related to early flowering in alfalfa. Additionally, those involved in secondary metabolism (2-oxoglutarate/Fe (II)-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferase) and the proteasome degradation pathway [really interesting new gene (RING)/U-box superfamily proteins and F-box family proteins] are also related to early flowering in alfalfa. Conclusions Integrated phenotypical, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways, pathogenesis-related genes, signaling receptor kinase family genes, secondary metabolism genes, and proteasome degradation pathway genes are responsible for the early flowering phenotype in alfalfa. This will provide new insights into future studies of flowering time in alfalfa and inform genetic improvement strategies for optimizing this important trait.

The effects of grazing on the phosphorus requirement of an annual pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
KMW Howes
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Root Size

The applied phosphorus requirement of a pasture sown to subterranean clover was measured with and without grazing. Under moderate grazing pressure, in the year of establishment, the pasture required about 50 % more phosphorus than when ungrazed. In the following season, at a higher stocking rate, the grazed areas needed twice as much phosphorus as the ungrazed to make 90% of their maximum growth. In both years this difference in requirement between stocked and unstocked treatments was present throughout the growing season. Increased phosphorus requirement under grazing is associated with the need for greater uptake of phosphorus under conditions where redistribution of absorbed phosphorus within the plant is prevented by defoliation. It does not appear to be due to effects of defoliation on root size. Nor does it depend on differential light interception or on changes in botanical composition.

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