Effects of depth of fertilizer placement on wheat grown under three water regimes

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Distribution Of Roots ◽  
Placement Depth

Wheat was grown in reconstructed profiles of a sandy red-brown earth in pots 120 cm deep. Ammonium sulphate (40 mg nitrogen per pot) and/or monocalcium phosphate (75 mg phosphorus per pot) were placed either in the topsoil at 5 cm depth or in the subsoil at 25 cm. When the wheat reached ear emergence, water treatments were introduced to provide (a) dry topsoil and water shortage; (b) dry topsoil but ample water supply in the subsoil; or (c) an ample water supply with both topsoil and subsoil wet. The yield and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wheat and the distribution of roots in the soil were measured at maturity. Water use by the plants was calculated. Drying of the topsoil decreased grain yield and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by the wheat, but the effects were small compared with those of water shortage per se. Placement of nitrogen and phosphorus at 25 cm produced higher grain yields than placement at 5 cm. There was no interaction between placement depth and the water treatments: this indicated that reduced availability of nutrients because of dry topsoil after ear emergence was not a major factor limiting yield. The fertilizer treatments affected the distribution of roots more than total root length. Root growth increased at the site of placement where nitrogen and phosphorus, and to a lesser extent nitrogen alone, were applied in the subsoil; there was little effect in other parts of the profile. Efficiency of water use was increased by the application of nitrogen.

Effects of soil water content and foliar fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus in late season on the yield and composition of wheat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Dough Stage

Wheat was grown in reconstructed profiles of a sandy red-brown earth in pots 120 cm deep. Ammonium sulfate (90 mg nitrogen per pot) and/or monocalcium phosphate (75 mg phosphorus per pot) were added to the topsoil. In one experiment, water treatments were introduced when the wheat reached ear emergence to provide (a) dry topsoil and water shortage; (b) dry topsoil but ample water supply in the subsoil; or (c) ample water supply, with both topsoil and subsoil wet. Additional nitrogen (82–164 mg per pot as urea) and/or phosphorus (9–18 mg per pot as phosphoric acid) were added to the plants in foliar sprays after ear emergence. In a second experiment in which water treatment (b) was applied, the dry surface soil was wetted at different stages of plant growth, viz. ear emergence, anthesis or the dough stage. In both experiments the yield and concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wheat were measured at maturity. Total dry matter production was little affected by the water content of the soil after ear emergence, but grain yield was increased relative to that of straw where the topsoil was wet at the dough stage. Application of nitrogen at the time of sowing generally increased the yield of grain and straw, but phosphorus had little effect on yield. Additional foliar application of nitrogen after ear emergence increased grain yield where water stress was low: foliar application of phosphorus increased grain yield only when applied with nitrogen. Nitrogen concentration in the grain was little affected by adding nitrogen to the soil but was increased by late foliar application of nitrogen. Phosphorus concentrations were increased by phosphorus and decreased by nitrogen applications.

scholarly journals Effect of pattern of water supply on Vicia faba L. 2. Pod retention and filling, and dry matter partitioning, production and water use.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Grashoff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Seed Yields

Pod retention and pod filling of V. faba was studied under different patterns of water supply. Mild water shortage during flowering, followed by plenty of water after flowering (d-i), resulted in high seed yields at lower stem nodes (defined as the first podding node to node number 11) in cv. Alfred. The inverse treatment (i-d: plenty of water during flowering, followed by increasing water shortage after flowering), but also i-i (plenty of water during and after flowering), showed 20-60% lower seed yields at those nodes. This effect was mainly due to a lower number of pods per node. In i-i, but not in i-d, the low pod retention at lower nodes was compensated for at higher nodes (defined as from node 12 to the last podding node). These results helped to explain the mechanism of the interaction between water supply pattern and the development of reproductive sinks. The quantitative consequences of these effects on the relation between total water use and seed yield are discussed. Without taking into account different water supply patterns, a linear relation between total water use (represented by total DM production) and seed yield already explained 75-85% of the variation in seed yield. If different water supply patterns were included in the regression analysis, >90% of the variation in seed yield could be explained. The i-i patterns, compared with d-i, resulted in suboptimum DM partitioning to reproductive organs, but showed a smaller seed yield variability. This indicated that defining and maintaining the optimum level of (mild) water shortage under varying climatological conditions needed further attention. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Options for the future: balancing urban water supply and demand in Beijing

Water Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Wang ◽  
Camilla Dunham Whitehead ◽  
Jining Chen ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Junying Chu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Current Effort ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Water Supply And Demand

Beijing is facing the considerable challenge of water shortage, as it is just able to meet current water demand in a year with average precipitation and a shortfall between water supply and demand is estimated to be around 1.8 billion[109] cubic meters (BCM) by 2010. Aiming to find the solution to such a severe challenge, this paper investigates Beijing's current and future water resources availability and water-use configurations, as well as past and current effort on both areas of water supply and demand. The analysis shows a continuously growing demand for water and an aggravating deficit of traditionally available water resources. The paper concludes that it is necessary to establish well-structured water-use data and employ more advanced forecasting methods if sound future decisions regarding water balance are expected to be made. In order to realize Beijing Municipality's full urban water conservation potential, it is suggested that a comprehensive and integrated long-term conservation program be implemented, which is technically feasible and economically justified, to conserve water consistently for many years.

Pressure management in Waitakere City, New Zealand - a case study

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Pilipovic ◽  
R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Network Computer ◽  
Water Pipeline ◽  
The City

In 1996, as part of Waitakere Council’s Water Cycle Strategy, a pressure standardisation programme to permanently lower the average supply pressure citywide was implemented with the aim of reducing water loss and water use. The experience gained during the 1994/95 Auckland water shortage had confirmed that there was considerable scope to reduce pressures in many areas. Since 1996 water pressures have been reduced in over 60% of the reticulated area of the city, with the average pressure reduced from 710 kPa to 540 kPa. As a result of this programme water loss from the network has been reduced, there has been a reduction in the frequency of mains breaks and it is likely that the life of water pipeline assets has been extended. Furthermore both pressure and demand management initiatives have reduced per capita water use in the city by more than 10%. A network computer model was used as a design tool to check the network under various pressure regimes and cost benefit analyses were carried out for various design scenarios. Fire sprinkler systems were checked as part of the design process. Minimum service standards were not reduced and in some cases pressures were actually increased. This paper covers the various aspects of the design, the implementation and the results of the pressure standardisation programme.

scholarly journals Retrieval and Evaluation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Reservoirs with Main Water Supply Function in Beijing, China, Based on Landsat Satellite Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4419
Author(s):  
Yuequn Lai ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yongyu Song ◽  
Zhaoning Gong
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Supply Function ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Chlorophyll A Concentration ◽  
Guanting Reservoir

Remote sensing retrieval is an important technology for studying water eutrophication. In this study, Guanting Reservoir with the main water supply function of Beijing was selected as the research object. Based on the measured data in 2016, 2017, and 2019, and Landsat-8 remote sensing images, the concentration and distribution of chlorophyll-a in the Guanting Reservoir were inversed. We analyzed the changes in chlorophyll-a concentration of the reservoir in Beijing and the reasons and effects. Although the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the Guanting Reservoir decreased gradually, it may still increase. The amount and stability of water storage, chlorophyll-a concentration of the supply water, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentration change are important factors affecting the chlorophyll-a concentration of the reservoir. We also found a strong correlation between the pixel values of adjacent reservoirs in the same image, so the chlorophyll-a estimation model can be applied to each other.

scholarly journals Effects of NP Fertilizer Placement Depth by Year Interaction on the Number of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants after Emergence Using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Model

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Piotr Szulc ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Kamila Nowosad ◽  
Henryk Bujak ◽  
Waldemar Zielewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Multiplicative Interaction ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Placement Depth ◽  
Np Fertilizer

Field experiments were carried out at the Department of Agronomy of the Poznań University of Life Sciences to determine the effect of the depth of NP fertilization placement in maize cultivation on the number of plants after emergence. The adopted assumptions were verified based on a six-year field experiment involving four depths of NP fertilizer application (A1—0 cm (broadcast), A2—5 cm (in rows), A3—10 cm (in rows), A4—15 cm (in rows)). The objective of this study was to assess NP fertilizer placement depth, in conjunction with the year, on the number of maize (Zea mays L.) plants after emergence using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. The number of plants after emergence decreased with the depth of NP fertilization in the soil profile, confirming the high dependence of maize on phosphorus and nitrogen availability, as well as greater subsoil loosening during placement. The number of plants after emergence for the experimental NP fertilizer placement depths varied from 7.237 to 8.201 plant m−2 during six years, with an average of 7.687 plant m−2. The 61.51% of variation in the total number of plants after emergence was explained by years differences, 23.21% by differences between NP fertilizer placement depths and 4.68% by NP fertilizer placement depths by years interaction. NP fertilizer placement depth 10 cm (A3) was the most stable (ASV = 1.361) in terms of the number of plants after emergence among the studied NP fertilizer placement depths. Assuming that the maize kernels are placed in the soil at a depth of approx. 5 cm, the fertilizer during starter fertilization should be placed 5 cm to the side and below the kernel. Deeper NP fertilizer application in maize cultivation is not recommended. The condition for the use of agriculture progress, represented by localized fertilization, is the simultaneous recognition of the aspects of yielding physiology of new maize varieties and the assessment of their reaction to deeper seed placement during sowing.

scholarly journals High Phosphorus Acquisition and Allocation Strategy Is Associated with Soybean Seed Yield under Water- and P-Limited Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Yun-Yin Feng ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Water Treatments

Both water stress and P deficit limit soybean seed yield, but the effects of water regimes and P application rates, their interaction on P status, acquisition, and partitioning, and their roles in yield performance have not been well-studied. Two soybean genotypes (Huangsedadou (HD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) with contrasting seed yield and root dry weight (DW) were used to investigate the P status, P acquisition, P partitioning, and yield formation under two water regimes (well-watered (WW) and cyclic water stress (WS)) and three P rates (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). The results show that increased P and water supply increased the seed yield, shoot and root DW and P concentrations and accumulations in different organs. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher seed yield than HD at P60 and P120 under WS and at P0 under WW, but a lower seed yield at P60 and P120 under WW. Cultivar ZH had a significantly higher P harvest index and P acquisition efficiency, but a significantly lower shoot and root DW than HD. The interaction between water treatments and P rates had significant effects on leaf and stem P concentration. Cultivar ZH had significantly lower P partitioning to leaves and stems but significantly higher P partitioning to seeds than HD. The seed yield was positively correlated with leaf and seed P accumulations and P acquisition efficiency under WS. We conclude that (1) adequate water supply improved the P mobilization from leaves and stems at maturity, which may have improved the seed yield; and (2) the high P acquisition efficiency is coordination to high P partition to seeds to produce a high seed yield under water- and P-limited conditions.

scholarly journals Hydrochemistry of the Tuxertal, NW Tauern Window, Austria: water use and drinking water supply in an alpine environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-213
Author(s):  
Rafael Schäffer ◽  
Ingo Sass ◽  
Christoph Blümmel ◽  
Stefanie Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Alpine Environment ◽  
Tauern Window

scholarly journals Energy-Water-Environment Nexus and the Transition Towards a Circular Economy: The Case of Qatar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Jalil Ibrahim ◽  
Nasim Shah Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
National Development ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Vision 2030

Abstract Background Qatar’s per capita consumption of both energy and water is among the highest in the world. Documentation of methods to reduce energy and water use and its impact on the environment is crucial. A circular economy (CE) ensures that economic growth must not necessarily lead to more resource consumption. Materials and methods This study aims to discuss the CE approach with a focus on understanding the interdependencies between energy and water and their impact on the environment. The study explores the energy-water-environment nexus and how Qatar can leverage this to transition to a CE. The policy landscape and strategies related to energy and water use sectors are presented, addressing efficiencies and substitutes from a circular economic viewpoint. Results The findings show that electricity and mobility sectors(energy perspective of the CE) and agriculture and water supply system (water perspective of the CE) of the Qatari economy provide an opportunity for regeneration, virtualising, exchanging, optimising, sharing and closing loops to achieve CE growth. Conclusions The nexus between the mobility, electricity, agriculture and water supply system needs consideration for optimal policy outcome for the CE in Qatar. The study recommends a need to embark on public awareness on moving away from linear economic to the circular economic paradigm and developing a comprehensive policy on Qatar’s circular economic approach that consolidates the Qatar National Vision 2030 and the National Development Strategy 2018–2022 to provide policy clarity and communication towards CE.

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