The development of ruminant digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of barley and soya bean meal

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff

Four male Friesian calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. To 5 weeks of age the calves were given milk, then weaned over 2 days and offered a diet containing 60% barley, 20% soya bean meal and 15% wheat chaff. Total collections of digesta flowing to the duodenum after weaning were made for 12-hr periods at weekly intervals for 8 weeks. Of the dry matter ingested, 76% was recovered at the duodenum 1 week after weaning, 58% at 2 weeks after weaning and 46% at 8 weeks after weaning. The digestion of acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the stomach was 20% in the first week after weaning and increased to 52% by 8 weeks. The flow of nitrogen to the duodenum was similar to the nitrogen intake. In the first week after weaning, 32% of the nitrogen flowing to the duodenum was of microbial origin; this increased to 74% by 7 weeks after weaning. The flow of essential amino acids to the duodenum as a percentage of intake was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the intestines was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. By comparing the apparent digestion of amino acids in the hind gut with their requirement for the growth of the calves, it was calculated that methionine would be the first limiting amino acid and threonine the second.

Sites of digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of diets containing barley and wheat chaff supplemented with soya bean meal or urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Four Friesian bull calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. From 13 weeks of age the calves were fed on one of three diets all containing 17% crude protein. Diet A contained barley, 15% wheat chaff and soya bean meal, diet B barley, 15% wheat chaff and urea, and diet C barley, 45% wheat chaff and soya bean meal. The diets were given for 2 weeks, and on the last day of each feeding period total collections were made of the digesta leaving the abomasum over a 12 hr period. The diets were then changed so that each calf was offered each diet twice. The total apparent digestion of the organic matter in the diet containing 45% wheat straw was less than that of those containing 15% wheat straw. This was due to less digestion in both the stomach and hindgut. The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum, expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, was less when the calves were fed on the diet containing urea (B) than when they were fed on those containing soya bean meal (A and C). Also, a larger proportion of the nitrogen was of microbial origin when they were on diet B. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amino acids flowing from the abomasum was greater than that in the total amino acids present in all diets. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the hindgut was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. It is calculated that methionine and threonine may be limiting for the growth of calves given diets A and B, while dietary metabolizable energy intake was probably the first factor limiting the growth of calves on diet C.

scholarly journals Strategies to reduce reliance on soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
J.M. Wilkinson ◽  
R.H. Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Palm Kernel Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Greenhouse gas emissions and loss of wildlife habitats have stimulated growing global concern over the continued expansion of soya bean and palm oilseed production on land recently converted from forest and natural grasslands. This paper reviews the roles of soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition, drawing on research data to explore the potential for their replacement in nutritionally balanced diets. Soya bean meal is a widely used livestock feed due to relatively high levels of total protein and essential amino acids. Palm kernel meal has been used for many years in compound feeds for ruminant livestock and as a supplement to grazed pasture in periods of drought. A range of alternative sources of protein is available to replace soya bean and palm kernel meals, e.g. protected rapeseed meal can replace soya bean meal in diets for productive dairy cows, but constraints to widespread adoption include insufficient supply, anti-nutritional factors which require feeds to be processed or supplemented with enzymes, and imbalances in essential amino acids. Soya ‘milk’ made directly from soya beans is a less efficient process than producing milk from dairy cows, especially when they are grazed on pastures or given diets that do not contain soya bean meal.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Additions of methionine and methionine plus lysine to the diets did not increase the proportions of these amino acids in ileal digesta.3. In the pigs given a nitrogen-free diet, ileal digesta contained more threonine, proline and glycine than in pigs given diets containing protein.4. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acids were greater when milk protein was fed than when soya-bean proteins were fed.5. The apparent digestion of amino acids to the ileum of pigs given isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from a mean of 0.82 at 14 d of age to 0.87 at 35 d of age.6. When milk protein was fed apparent digestibilities of methionine and lysine to the ileum were 0.912 and 0.905. The apparent digestibility of threonine to the ileum was 0.800, 0.774 and 0.504 for pigs given the milk-, ISP and soya-bean-meal (SBM)-protein diets respectively.7. Apparent digestibilities of total essential and non-essential amino acids were 0.79 and 0.69 respectively, and true digestibilities of both were 0.82.

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen and amino acids in calves fed semi-purified diets containing urea, uric acid or soya-bean meal

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. L. Jacobs ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySemi-purified diets containing urea (diet A), uric acid (diet B) or soya-bean meal (diet C) as the sole source of nitrogen were fed to two Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. Total collections of digesta leaving the abomasum were made over 24-h periods.The flow of organic matter to the duodenum expressed as a percentage of intake increased from 35·8% (diet A) and 40·6% (diet B) for the non-protein nitrogen diets to 58·3% for diet C. A greater proportion of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred in the forestomachs of the calves when fed diets A or B than when they were fed diet C.The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum expressed as a percentage of intake showed a significant increase (P< 0·05) from 65·4% for diet A to 84·4% for diet B and 85·1% for diet C. When diets B and C were fed to the calves a greater proportion of the apparent digestion of nitrogen occurred in the hindgut than when they were fed diet A. The synthesis of microbial protein was 13·9 g and 13·0 g for every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomach when the calves were fed diets B and C and only 10·9 g when the calves were fed diet A.A significantly (P< 0·05) greater proportion of dry matter of the digesta at the duodenum was composed of amino acids on diet C (19·5%) than diet A (16·1%) with the proportion of essential amino acids (especially threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine) also being greater. The amino acid composition of the digesta dry matter on diet B was intermediate (17·2%).From the data presented, it was predicted that cystine and histidine were the first limiting amino acids for growth when the calves were fed the non-protein nitrogen diets (A and B).

The potency of balancing interactions between dietary proteins. Chick experiments on the significance for prior judgement and use of herring proteins

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Press Cake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

1. The potency of balancing interactions between the protein of herring press-cake (dried) and solubles (condensed) on one side, and certain vegetable feeds on the other, has been examined on 2- to 4-week-old chicks:(a) Initially by comparing the co-effect of a series of different combinations of the herring products when ingested together with certain cereals plus extracted ground-nut meal, to that estimated earlier when the same combinations of herring products formed the sole dietary protein.(b) Thereafter by studying whether the co-effect of the herring products was influenced or not by substituting extracted soya-bean meal for the ground-nut meal.(c) Further by tentative trials to show that registered interactions were caused by some keystone amino acids.2. A special dietary system was devised for the purpose (a basal diet of actual feeds + a synthetic, practically protein-free basal diet + the tested feed, eventually + adjustments), the results being recorded as combinative protein value = c.p.v.3. Interactions between dietary constituents not only were shown under the circumstances, but proved to be an easily acting factor of great power. Herring solubles in proportions of 15–45% were formerly found to bring about a statistically significant improvement of the meal when fed together with this as the only protein of the diet. But: (a) the introduction of certain cereals and ground-nut readily converted the beneficial effect of the solubles into a significantly negative one. (b) Whereas soya-beans instead of ground-nut evidently reversed the situation again. In this third grouping solubles at moderate levels appeared neutral, meaning that herring solubles combined significantly better with soya-bean than with ground-nut when fed to young chicks in presence of a set of cereals and herring meal, (c) Responses to supplemental, crystalline amino acids showed that the interactions between the protein sources could be attributed to their constituent amino acids. Thus the little efficient combination of solubles and ground-nut plus certain cereals could be greatly improved by small quantities of all ten essential amino acids together, and equally much by lysine plus threonine only. Contrarily, the diet appeared weakened when lysine, threonine or isoloucine were omitted singly or together from the whole ten. The same was the case with single addition of leucine.4. The discussion stresses the pre-eminent importance of the diet in biological estimations of protein value. It also points out the practical significance of skilful combination of different protein sources.

scholarly journals The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
R. T. Evans ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum.2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo.3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P< 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P< 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net gain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage.4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P< 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum.5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Total amino acid requirements of weaned piglets 8 to 25 kg live weight given diets based on wheat and soya-bean meal fortified with free amino acids

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gatel ◽  
G. Buron ◽  
J. Fékéte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with weaned piglets from 8 to 25 kg live weight in order to determine the dietary amino acid content necessary for maximum growth. Six diets based on wheat, soya-bean meal, soya-bean oil and free amino acids were compared in each experiment. Essential amino acids were in the same relative proportion for all diets: (methionine + cystine)/lysine = 0·60 to 0·65; threonine/lysine = 0·65; tryptophan/lysine = 0·19. The range of amino acid content was 9·53 to 12·52 g lysine per kg in the first experiment and 11·34 to 15·94 g lysine per kg in the second experiment. The number of piglets used per diet was 136 (20 pens) and 106 (16 pens) in respectively the first and the second experiment. The relationship between either dietary lysine content or daily lysine intake and growth rate was quadratic and significant. Dietary lysine content and daily lysine intake which enable maximum growth were calculated according to this model. Dietary lysine contents were 15·5 and 14·9 g/kg for the first 3 weeks (8 to 17 kg) and for the overall post-weaning period (8 to 25 kg) respectively. Daily lysine intakes were 10·6 and 13·3 g/day respectively for the same two periods. Reasons for these values being higher than those currently cited are discussed.

Dietary amino acid balance and requirements for pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
H. D. Keal ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTNitrogen balance was measured in a series of experiments to determine the optimum balance between lysine, threonine and methionine plus cystine by successive additions of the free amino acids to a basal diet of barley, soya bean meal and tallow. The basal diet had a calculated digestible energy (DE) value of 14·5 MJ/kg and a crude protein content of 146 g/kg. The ranges of total lysine; threonine and methionine plus cystine tested were (g/kg) 6·6 to 11·8, 4·9 to 6·9 and 4·3 to 71, respectively. Latin-square designs were used involving a total of 33 pigs. Nitrogen utilization was optimized in pigs of 3 to 9 weeks of age when each kg of diet contained 10·5 g lysine, 6·4 g threonine and 5·0 g methionine plus cystine, corresponding to a ratio of 100: 61: 48. Thereafter, five diets were formulated in which the same ratio was maintained, but at different protein levels (129 to 192 g/kg). Again the diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and tallow supplemented with free amino acids. These diets were compared, in both nitrogen balance and performance experiments, with a conventional early-weaning diet with a protein content of 240 g/kg. All six diets had the same calculated DE value (14·5 MJ/kg). The N balance experiment was of Latin-square design and involved 18 pigs, and the performance experiment used 36 pigs fed individually from 3 to 9 weeks of age. A diet containing 0·99 g lysine per MJ DE (14·4 g lysine and 192 g balanced protein per kg) was considered to be adequate on the basis of the growth rate and food conversion efficiency results obtained.

Relation of soya bean meal level to the concentration of plasma free amino acids and body growth in white rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapas K. Mandal ◽  
Nargish Parvin ◽  
Santanu Mondal ◽  
Vijaylaxmi Saxena ◽  
Ashok K. Saxena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Plasma Free Amino Acids
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