Metabolic studies on daily and weekly feeding of ruminants given all-wheat diets. 3. The activities of enzymes in sheep tissues

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Watson ◽  
MJ Watson
Keyword(s):  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzymes ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The activities of gluconeogenic, glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes have been measured in tissues from sheep given either 300 g of wheat each day or 2100 g wheat each week. The mean activities of gluconeogenic enzymes did not differ between the two feeding regimens; however, in sheep on the weekly feeding regimen, the activities of some gluconeogenic enzymes decreased after feeding and increased again at the end of the feeding cycle. On both feeding regimens the activities of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes appeared to be increased by the all-wheat diet, although the activities of these enzymes did not differ between the regimens.

Metabolic studies on daily and weekly feeding of ruminants given all-wheat diets. I. Digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Watson ◽  
RA Leng ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Balance Trials

Aspects of digestion and metabolism in sheep fed individually with an all-wheat ration at a rate of either 300 g each day or 2100 g once each week have been investigated. Five digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out over a 13-week period. Sheep on the weekly feeding regimen consumed 50% and 85% of their ration by the end of days 1 and 3 respectively. Both water intake and urine volume were higher on the weekly feeding regimen, but water intake was highest at the beginning of the feeding cycle, while urine volume was highest towards the end. The mean liveweight, digestibility and nitrogen balance were similar in sheep on both daily and weekly feeding regimens. In sheep fed weekly the excretion of nitrogen varied between days within the balance period. When they were first introduced to this feeding pattern the sheep retained less nitrogen than after an adaptation period.

STOOL FREQUENCY OF NORMAL INFANTS IN THE FIRST WEEK OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-425
Author(s):  
WILLIAM L. NYHAN
Keyword(s):  
Stool Frequency ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Breast Fed

The stool frequency of 800 normal infants during the first week of life was studied statistically. The series was composed of 400 infants fed on a flexible regimen, of which 200 were breast-fed and 200 were bottle-fed; and 400 infants fed on the conventional four hour schedule, of which 200 were breast-fed and 200 were bottle-fed. Analyses were made from the points of view of number of stools and variability. The normal pattern was that of rise in both number of stools and variability up to the fifth day and a gradual fall. The peak for both number and variability occurred on days 3 through 6. The range of variation about the mean on each day was quite great and this fact seeemed to militate against a statistical diagnosis of diarrhea in this age group. The comparison among the various groups revealed fewer and smaller differences than the day-to-day comparisons. With regard to number of stools the bottle-fed babies had statistically greater numbers of stools than did the breast-fed babies regardless of feeding regimen, but only during those early days of life when it might be assumed that lactation had not begun. There were no differences between breast-fed babies on the two regimens studied. Bottle-fed babies on self-demand feeding had significantly greater numbers of stools than did those on scheduled feeding on two days. With regard to variability: bottle-fed babies on self-demand were most variable in number of stools per day. Breast-fed babies on self-demand were next most variable and bottle-fed babies on strict scheduling were least variable.

Effects of Feeding a Zero- or High-Roughage Diet to Cattle upon Adipose Tissue Lipogenesis

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith ◽  
F. D. Horney ◽  
W. R. Usborne ◽  
T. D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Hereford steer calves were fed whole shelled corn or corn silage diets to determine the effect of dietary roughage level on lipogenic enzymes of adipose tissue. In Trial 1, perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken post-mortem from 32 steers who had been fed either diet ad libitum for at least 175 days and weighed 450 kg live. In Trial 2, for which a changeover design was used, six cattle were fed both diets so that energy intake was calculated to be equal for each. Perirenal adipose tissue was taken in the second trial by biopsy when the steers weighed 200 kg live. In Trial 1, compared to high-roughage, the zero-roughage diet elicited from a two- to fourfold increase (P < 0.05) in activity of pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenases of adipose tissue. This dietary effect was not observed in Trial 2. In both trials, acetyl-CoA synthetase activity and fatty acid synthesizing capacity from acetate of adipose tissue were unaffected by diet. Carcasses from animals fed the zero-roughage diet in Trial 1 contained 6% more separable fat (P < 0.05) than carcasses from animals fed the high-roughage diet. The mean of both trials for plasma acetate from animals fed the zero-roughage diet was 0.61 μmol/ml, which was less (P < 0.05) than 0.95 μmol/ml, which was the comparable value determined from animals fed the high-roughage diet. Plasma propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by feeding the zero-roughage diet in both trials but accounted for less than 20% of volatile fatty acids in all samples examined.

The evaluation of cattle foods and diets in terms of the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids I. The effects of level of intake, frequency of feeding, the ratio of hay to concentrates in the diet, and of supplementary feeds

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Bath ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Range Of Values

1. A study was made of the effects of feeding regimen and the composition of the diet on the ruminal production of V.f.a.'S in cattle.2. The day-to-day variations in the pattern of rumen fermentation in cows given a diet of hay and concentrates indicated that within-cow differences in the molar proportions of the acids from diet to diet are of significance if they exceed about 3% (of the mean value) for acetic acid, about 10% for propionic and butyric acids, and about 25% for valeric acid. The results emphasized also the important differences to be found between cows given the same diet.3. A change in the frequency of feeding from once to four times daily at a constant daily drymatter intake had little effect on the daily mean values for pH, concentration of total V.f.a.'S, or the molar percentages of the individual acids, but almost invariably decreased the range of values observed between feeding.4. With diets of hay and of hay and concentrates an increase in daily dry-matter intake was associated with a fall in pH and an increase in the concentration of total V.f.a.'S; with the diet of hay and concentrates there was a considerable decrease in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a corresponding increase in N-butyric, but there was little change in the molar percentages of the acids with the diet of hay.

scholarly journals Comparison of Slow versus Rapid Feeding Regimen in Preterm Neonates in the reduction of hospital stay

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Madiha Fayyaz ◽  
Shahzad Haider ◽  
Abdul Hameed Khan ◽  
Sajid Nazir ◽  
Alina Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Group A ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Group B

Introduction: In preterm babies delay in the achievement of full feeds causes prolonged hospital stay. This study will help in the nutritional management of preterm babies which will shorten the hospital stay and reduce the economic burdens on parents. Objective: To compare the mean duration of hospital stay of preterm neonates with two different feeding protocols(slow feeding regimen versus rapid feeding regimen). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the neonatal unit at Izzat Ali Shah Hospital from October 2019 to March 2020 through a randomized controlled trial. A total of 102 (51 in each group) were randomized to slow feeding (Group A) and Rapid feeding(Group B). Depending on the birth weight and gestational age, a certain amount of breast milk was initiated, with increments of 15-20 mL/kg/day in the slow feeding group & 25-30 ml/kg/day in the rapid feeding group. Feeding was stopped temporarily in case of any sign of feeding intolerance, suspected necrotizing enterocolitis, recurrent apnoeic episodes, and neonatal seizures. The total target feed was 180 ml/kg per day. Infants were continued in the study until discharged from the hospital.   Results: Our study shows that the mean gestational agein Group A (Slow feeding) was 34 weeks with SD ± 2.68 while the mean gestational agein Group B (Rapid feeding) was 35 weeks with SD ± 1.98. In Group A (Slow feeding) 55% neonates were male while 45% neonates were female. Whereas in Group B (Rapid feeding) 57% neonates were male while 43% neonates were female. In Group A (Slow feeding) mean hospital stay was 22 days with SD ± 7.02. In Group B (Rapid feeding) mean hospital stay was 13 days with SD ± 3.72.  Conclusion: Our study concludes that mean hospital stay in the rapid advancement of feeds was shorter as compared to the slow feeding of preterm neonates.

scholarly journals Parenteral Nutrition via Peripheral Veins: A Feasibility Study

1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 430-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Wilson ◽  
A W Goode ◽  
C J C Kirk ◽  
M Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lactate ◽  
Peripheral Vein ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Lactate Levels

Twenty patients who had undergone uncomplicated surgery of moderate severity were randomly allocated to two groups (both n = 10) who were fed using a peripheral vein for up to six days. Group I received, each day, a nutrient solution providing 10 grams of nitrogen as Perifusin (E Merck Ltd) and 1400 calories as dextrose and Intralipid (Kabivitrum Ltd) with an osmolality of 490 mosmol/kg. Group II received only 15 grams of nitrogen per day as Perifusin with an osmolality of 376 mosmol/kg. The mean (± s.e. mean) nitrogen balance over the study was similar in both groups, in Group I being −1.23 ± 0.89, and in Group II being −1.05 ± 1.08 g ( P > 0.05 Mann-Whitney U test). The nutrient mixture given to Group I resulted in elevated levels of serum 3-hydroxybutyrate and lower levels of serum non-esterified fatty acids. These data suggest that lipolysis and ketogenesis were suppressed. There was no significant difference in serum lactate levels in either group. Venous thrombophlebitis at the infusion site was assessed daily using Maddox's criteria, with a minimal degree of inflammation occurring in either group. This preliminary study suggests that a total parenteral feeding regimen may be designed for peripheral vein infusion. Further studies are indicated.

Effect of feeding regimen on diurnal variation of breathing movements in late-gestation fetal sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1786-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Callea ◽  
I. C. McMillen ◽  
D. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen

There is a diurnal variation in the mean incidence and amplitude of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) in sheep after approximately 120 days gestation. To determine whether this variation is caused by diurnal fluctuations in plasma glucose or prostaglandin (PG) concentrations, we studied two groups of pregnant sheep fed either once daily at 1100 h or every 2 h for 24 h. Maternal and fetal blood samples were taken every 2 h from 0900 to 0900 h the next day for assay of plasma glucose and PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations. FBMs were recorded throughout the 24 h. The mean fetal plasma glucose concentrations of the once-daily and multifed groups were not different, but there was a significant difference between the two groups in the 24-h pattern of fetal glucose concentrations. In the once-daily fed group, plasma glucose concentrations reached a peak 8 h after maternal feeding and then declined, whereas in the multifed group, fetal plasma glucose concentrations reached a plateau and were constant from 1300 to 0900 h the next day. Fetal plasma PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations did not show a significant change with time of day in either group. There was a significant diurnal variation in the incidence and amplitude of FBMs in each of the two feeding groups, and the 24-h pattern of FBMs did not differ significantly between groups. Therefore it would appear that the diurnal variation of FBMs is not a consequence of the maternal feeding regimen or diurnal changes in plasma glucose or PG concentrations.

An Assessment of Carbohydrate Intake in Collegiate Distance Runners

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Tanaka ◽  
Hirofumi Tanaka ◽  
William Landis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Daily Amount ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Cross Country

To determine the extent to which well-trained endurance athletes practice the dietary recommendations for maximizing muscle glycogen resynthesis, collegiate cross-country runners (14 males and 10 females) kept 4-day dietary and activity records during a training period and a competitive period in the regular cross-country season. The mean running mileages for men and women were 16.0 ± 1.0 and 10.7 ± 0.6 km/day during the training period and 14.6 ± 0.8 and 8.7 ± 0.5 km/day during the competitive period, respectively. Males reported adequate energy intake in both phases, whereas females fell short of the RDA. However, the percentage of calories from carbohydrate was found to be inadequate (< 60%) for male runners. Although female runners derived 65-67% of calories from carbohydrate, the daily amount of carbohydrate taken was insufficient (< 10 g/kg body weight). Carbohydrate was ingested immediately postexercise approximately 50% of the time or less, with even far less taken in suggested quantities (−1 g carbohydrate/kg body weight). There were no significant differences in dietary trends between training and competitive phases. The results suggest that these endurance athletes were not practicing the recommended feeding regimen for optimal muscle glycogen restoration.

Photo-electric Hβ and uvby photometry

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
D. L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Relative Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Stars ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Filter Photometry ◽  
The Continuum

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).

A one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lecar
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Motion Picture ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Phase Space Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Phase Space ◽  
The Mean

“Dynamical mixing”, i.e. relaxation of a stellar phase space distribution through interaction with the mean gravitational field, is numerically investigated for a one-dimensional self-gravitating stellar gas. Qualitative results are presented in the form of a motion picture of the flow of phase points (representing homogeneous slabs of stars) in two-dimensional phase space.

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