Metabolic studies on daily and weekly feeding of ruminants given all-wheat diets. I. Digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Watson ◽  
RA Leng ◽  
GL McClymont
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Balance Trials

Aspects of digestion and metabolism in sheep fed individually with an all-wheat ration at a rate of either 300 g each day or 2100 g once each week have been investigated. Five digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out over a 13-week period. Sheep on the weekly feeding regimen consumed 50% and 85% of their ration by the end of days 1 and 3 respectively. Both water intake and urine volume were higher on the weekly feeding regimen, but water intake was highest at the beginning of the feeding cycle, while urine volume was highest towards the end. The mean liveweight, digestibility and nitrogen balance were similar in sheep on both daily and weekly feeding regimens. In sheep fed weekly the excretion of nitrogen varied between days within the balance period. When they were first introduced to this feeding pattern the sheep retained less nitrogen than after an adaptation period.

Metabolic studies on daily and weekly feeding of ruminants given all-wheat diets. 3. The activities of enzymes in sheep tissues

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Watson ◽  
MJ Watson
Keyword(s):  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzymes ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen

The activities of gluconeogenic, glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes have been measured in tissues from sheep given either 300 g of wheat each day or 2100 g wheat each week. The mean activities of gluconeogenic enzymes did not differ between the two feeding regimens; however, in sheep on the weekly feeding regimen, the activities of some gluconeogenic enzymes decreased after feeding and increased again at the end of the feeding cycle. On both feeding regimens the activities of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes appeared to be increased by the all-wheat diet, although the activities of these enzymes did not differ between the regimens.

Effects of high potassium chloride supplementation on water intake, urine volume and nitrogen balance in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iori MURAI ◽  
Miki SUGIMOTO ◽  
Shuntaro IKEDA ◽  
Shin-ichi KUME
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
High Potassium

scholarly journals Prevention of Recurrent Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis by Increasing Daily Water in Premenopausal Women: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S736-S736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Hooton ◽  
Mariacristina Vecchio ◽  
Alison Iroz ◽  
Ivan Tack ◽  
Quentin Dornic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Group ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fluid

Abstract Background Increased hydration is commonly recommended as a preventive measure for women with recurrent acute uncomplicated cystitis (rAUC), but supportive data are sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of increased daily water intake on the frequency of rAUC in premenopausal women. Methods 140 healthy premenopausal asymptomatic women drinking less than 1.5 L of total fluid daily (24 hours) and suffering from rAUC (33 episodes in the past year) were randomized to receive, in addition to their usual daily fluid intake, either 1.5 L water daily (water group) or no additional fluids (control group), for 12 months. Assessments of daily water and total fluid intake, urine volume and osmolality, number of urine voids, and occurrence of AUC symptoms and a reminder to notify investigators of any such symptoms were performed at baseline, 6- and 12-month clinic visits in addition to monthly telephone calls. The primary outcome was frequency of rAUC episodes (31 AUC symptom and 3103 CFU/mL of a uropathogen in voided urine) over 12 months. Results Between baseline and 12 month’s follow-up, the water group, compared with the control group, had statistically significant increases in mean daily water intake (1.15 vs. −0.01 L), total fluid intake (1.65 vs. 0.03 L), urine volume (1.40 vs. 0.04 L), and number of urine voids (2.2 vs. −0.2), and a decrease in urine osmolality (−408 vs. −35 mOsm/Kg). The mean number of rAUC episodes in the water group was significantly less than in the control group (1.6 vs. 3.1; odds ratio 0.52, 95% CI 0.46–0.60, 
P < 0.0001) (figure shows cumulative sum of AUC episodes over 12 months in both study groups). The mean number of antimicrobial regimens used to treat AUC events was 1.8 in the water group vs. 3.5 in the control group (P < 0.0001). In addition, the mean number of days to first rAUC and the mean number of days between rAUC episodes was longer in the water group compared with the control group (148 vs. 93,
 P = 0.0005 and 143 vs. 85, P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions Our results provide strong evidence that increased water intake is an effective antimicrobial-sparing preventive strategy for women with rAUC. Increasing daily water intake by approximately 1.5 L reduced rAUC episodes by 48% and antimicrobial regimens by 47% over 12 months. Disclosures M. Vecchio, Danone Research: Employee, Salary. A. Iroz, Dzanone Research: Employee, Salary. I. Tack, Danone Research: Consultant, Consulting fee and Speaker honorarium. Q. Dornic, Danone research: Employee, Salary. I. Seksek, Danone Research: Employee, Salary.

Effect of level of water intake on water, energy and nitrogen balance and thyroxine secretion in sheep and goats

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
T More ◽  
B Howard ◽  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Ad Libitum

Sheep and goats fed on a diet of oaten chaff were subjected to a 50% reduction and a 50-70% increase in their water intake. Measurements were made of water, energy and nitrogen balance and thyroxine secretion rate. Water restriction decreased feed intake by 25%, but in a lesser proportion than expected from the ad libitum feed to water relationship. This effect was achieved by a reduction in the concentration of water in faeces and by the evaporation of less water. When additional water was given, there was a 10% reduction in feed intake associated with a loss of nitrogen brought about by an increase in urine volume. Again less water was evaporated than expected under this treatment. Thyroxine secretion rate was positively related to energy intake.

scholarly journals Early Coaching to Increase Water Intake in CKD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia D. Ivanova ◽  
Anatoliy I. Gozhenko ◽  
Tommy Crestanello ◽  
Dmytro D. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Increase Water Intake ◽  
Group Randomized Trial ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Patient Reported

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In observational studies, increased water intake improves kidney function but not in adults with CKD stage 3 and more. CKD WIT trial has shown a nonsignificant gradual decline in kidney function after 1 year of coaching to increase water intake (CIWI) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. We propose that CIWI may benefit in CKD stage 1–2 (G1 and G2) and depends on functional renal functional reserve (RFR) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> Parallel-group randomized trial was aimed to determinate the effectiveness of CIWI dependence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) stage and RFR in adults with CKD 1–2 stages. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> CKD WIT trial was taken as the basis for prospective multicenter randomized trial named “Early Coaching to Increase Water Intake in CKD (ECIWIC).” The primary outcome was the change in kidney function by eGFR from baseline to 12 months. Secondary outcomes included 1-year change in urine albumin/Cr ratio, and patient-reported overall quality of health (QH) ranged from 0 (worst possible) to 10 (best possible). CIWI aimed to have the diuresis being 1.7–2 L. There were 4 groups with nondiet sodium restriction which consisted of 31 patients each: 2 groups with CKD G1 and CKD G2, undergoing CIWI and 2 others with CKD G1 and CKD G2 without CIWI (Fig. 1a). Overall checks were made at 0, 6, and 12 months. RFR evaluation was performed using 0.45% sodium chloride oral solution. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of our randomized 124 patients (mean age 53.2 years; men 83 [67%], 0 died), mean change in 24-h urine volume was 0.6 L per day in G1 with CIWI group and 0.5 L in G2. No statistically significant data on eGFR depending CIWI were obtained (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>b). However, the trend suggests that CIWI improves eGFR in CKD G1 (from 95 to 96 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) and preserves eGFR decline in CKD G2 (78–78). The QH values were also preserved (from 7 to 7 in G1 and G2 groups). Although coaching to maintain the same water intake did not preserve physiological and pathological eGFR decreasing in CKD G1-2 (G1 from 96 to 93, G2 from 76 to 73; <i>t</i> = 0.6, <i>p</i> = 0.29, and <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05 in all groups) and the QH was declined (from 7 to 6 in both groups). An individual analysis of the RFR has shown that patients with RFR more than 50% (G1 19 patients, 61%, and G2 13 patients, 42%) had reliable preservation of eGFR with its increase of 1.5 mL/min on CIWI, while patients with low functional renal reserve had a drop of eGFR at 1.1 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> within 12 months. Patients with low normal serum sodium levels have shown worse results on CIWI. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> With CKD G1, the CIWI leads to the preservation of the renal function with its increase of GFR per 1 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>/per year in comparison with the same water intake. In CKD G2, the CIWI prevents physiological and pathological loss of renal function, and RFR above 50% aids restoration of eGFR both in CKD G1-2. ECIWIC trial demonstrates benefit of CIWI in patients with CKD 1–2 and preserved RFR.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Breastfeeding Practices and Infant Feeding Pattern among Mothers in Mauritius

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashmika Motee ◽  
Deerajen Ramasawmy ◽  
Prity Pugo-Gunsam ◽  
Rajesh Jeewon
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Pattern ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type Of Delivery

Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. While many mothers understand the importance of breastfeeding, others are less knowledgeable on the benefits of breastfeeding and weaning. The aim in here is to assess breastfeeding pattern, infant formula feeding pattern, and weaning introduction in Mauritius and to investigate the factors that influence infant nutrition. 500 mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire which was designed to elicit information on infant feeding practices. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS (version 13.0), whereby chi-square tests were used to evaluate relationships between different selected variables. The prevalence of breastfeeding practice in Mauritius has risen from 72% in 1991 to 93.4% as found in this study, while only 17.9% breastfed their children exclusively for the first 6 months, and the mean duration of EBF (exclusive breastfeeding) is 2.10 months. Complementary feeding was more commonly initiated around 4–6 months (75.2%). Despite the fact that 60.6% of mothers initiate breastfeeding and 26.1% of mothers are found to breastfeed up to 2 years, the practice of EBF for the first 6 months is low (17.9%). Factors found to influence infant feeding practices are type of delivery, parity, alcohol consumption, occupation, education, and breast problems.

scholarly journals Centrally and Peripherally Administered Ghrelin Potently Inhibits Water Intake in Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 1638-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Hiroaki Fujihara ◽  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Takeshi Saito ◽  
Minori Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

Ghrelin is known as a potent orexigenic hormone through its action on the brain. In this study, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) and iv injection of ghrelin on water intake, food intake, and urine volume in rats deprived of water for 24 h. Water intake that occurred after water deprivation was significantly inhibited by icv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/rat) in a dose-related manner, although food intake was stimulated by the hormone. The antidipsogenic effect was as potent as the orexigenic effect. Similarly, water intake was inhibited, whereas food intake was stimulated dose dependently after iv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/kg). The inhibition of drinking was comparable with, or even more potent than, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an established antidipsogenic hormone, when administered icv, although the antidipsogenic effect lasted longer. ANP had no effect on food intake. Urine volume decreased dose relatedly after icv injection of ghrelin but not by ANP. Intravenous injection of ghrelin had no effect on urine volume. Because drinking usually occurs with feeding, food was withdrawn to remove the prandial drinking. Then the antidipsogenic effect of ghrelin became more potent than that of ANP and continued longer than when food was available. Expression of Fos was increased in the area postrema and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius by using immunohistochemistry after icv and iv injection of ghrelin. The present study convincingly showed that ghrelin is a potent antidisogenic peptide in rats.

STOOL FREQUENCY OF NORMAL INFANTS IN THE FIRST WEEK OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-425
Author(s):  
WILLIAM L. NYHAN
Keyword(s):  
Stool Frequency ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Breast Fed

The stool frequency of 800 normal infants during the first week of life was studied statistically. The series was composed of 400 infants fed on a flexible regimen, of which 200 were breast-fed and 200 were bottle-fed; and 400 infants fed on the conventional four hour schedule, of which 200 were breast-fed and 200 were bottle-fed. Analyses were made from the points of view of number of stools and variability. The normal pattern was that of rise in both number of stools and variability up to the fifth day and a gradual fall. The peak for both number and variability occurred on days 3 through 6. The range of variation about the mean on each day was quite great and this fact seeemed to militate against a statistical diagnosis of diarrhea in this age group. The comparison among the various groups revealed fewer and smaller differences than the day-to-day comparisons. With regard to number of stools the bottle-fed babies had statistically greater numbers of stools than did the breast-fed babies regardless of feeding regimen, but only during those early days of life when it might be assumed that lactation had not begun. There were no differences between breast-fed babies on the two regimens studied. Bottle-fed babies on self-demand feeding had significantly greater numbers of stools than did those on scheduled feeding on two days. With regard to variability: bottle-fed babies on self-demand were most variable in number of stools per day. Breast-fed babies on self-demand were next most variable and bottle-fed babies on strict scheduling were least variable.

METABOLIC EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH UROLITHIASIS TO STUDY RISK FACTORS: A 1 YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Harshawardhan V Tanwar ◽  
Uttam Wadavkar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Low Calcium

Introduction: Metabolic abnormalities are common cause of urolithiasis in pediatric age group. Children with urolithiasis are associated with considerable morbidity. By treating these abnormalities stone formation is prevented. Objectives: Prospective study to nd the metabolic risk factors of urolithiasis in children and compare them with literature. Materials and Methods: In open, prospective and observational study, 85 children were evaluated from August 2019 to June 2020. In all patients' dietary history, water intake and results of laboratory ndings were recorded. All urine samples obtained from patients were without dietary restrictions. Reference pediatric 24 hour urinary parameter was used according to western literature. Results: We investigated 85 patients with urolithiasis. Low urine volume was found in 52 patients which is comparable with previous studies indicating simple intervention as to increase water intake. Low calcium intake was found in 48 patients suggesting that low calcium intake is associated with higher incidence of urolithiasis due to increased intestinal oxalate absorption. Hypocalcaemia was found in 34 patients and 24 hour urinary abnormality was found in only 18 patients'. Both these nding does not support previous literature. Stone analysis nding does not correlate with urinary nding. Conclusions: Hypocalcaemia is major metabolic abnormality in contradiction to western literature. Low urine volume secondary to low water intake is predominant nding .There are no nomograms for urinary excretion of Calcium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate in Indian children. Keeping the optimum blood calcium level & increased uid intake can prevent stone formation in children.

CERTAIN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTICOTROPIN, HYDROCORTISONE, PREDNISONE, AND ASPIRIN, IN NORMAL DOGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188
Author(s):  
O. H. Gaebler ◽  
Rachel Glovinsky ◽  
Helen Lees ◽  
Trieste Vitti
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Difference

The losses of weight and nitrogen produced by daily doses of corticotropin (20 units), hydrocortisone acetate (15 mg.), and prednisone (10 mg.) were studied in normal bitches receiving a constant amount of food equal to that which before therapy had either maintained weight or permitted it to increase slowly. Loss of weight during therapy was accompanied by a decrease in the difference between water intake and urine volume, regardless of whether water intake rose or fell. Weight was restored fairly soon after cessation of therapy with prednisone, but not after corticotropin or hydrocortisone. The probability that calorigenic effects of these substances were involved is discussed. Aspirin (20 grains daily) increased nitrogen output, but weight, as well as the difference between water intake and urine volume, increased. The pattern of response to each of the compounds, was, in general, quite similar, but varied in detail in different animals or experiments. Effects of applying hydrocortisone ointment to affected areas in a bitch with dermatitis are also recorded. Prompt improvement was accompanied by losses of weight and nitrogen. Other instances in which the local and general effects of a hormone appear to be contradictory are cited.

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