Effect of salt water ingestion on pregnancy in the ewe and on lamb survival

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Potter ◽  
GH McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Pregnant State ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

The addition ot sodium chloride, to provide concentrations of 1.0 and 1.3?, to the drinking water of pregnant ewes caused distress at parturition to some of the ewes and neonatal mortalities in their lambs. The effects were more evident in older sheep (aged 7 years) than in younger (3-year-old) animals and were associated, in general, with ewes which carried twin lambs. Progesterone levels in the blood plasma of sheep were higher in twin-bearing ewes than in ewes with single lambs, both for control ewes drinking fresh water and for ewes drinking saline. Drinking 1.3% saline augmented the increase in progesterone levels in older ewes bearing twins. Cortisol levels were normal in all ewes.Plasma levels of potassium and chloride were significantly higher and calcium and magnesium levels lower in pregnant ewes which received saline.It is suggested that the adverse effects of salt water ingestion in twin-bearing pregnant ewes could be due to an excessive retention of potassium and chloride, brought about by a disturbance of normal sodium homeostatic mechanisms associated with the pregnant state of the animals.

Influence of saline drinking water on the flow and mineral composition of saliva and rumen fluid of sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
FM Tomas ◽  
BJ Potter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Saliva Flow Rate ◽  
Parotid Duct ◽  
Saliva Flow ◽  
Drinking Fluid

The influence of sodium chloride ingestion via the drinking water upon the flux of fluid and minerals to and from the rumen of sheep has been examined. Four Merino wethers were each prepared with ruminal and bilateral parotid duct fistulas to allow continuous sampling and measurement of flow rates and were offered rainwater which was zero, 136 or 221mM with respect to sodium chloride as the only source of drinking fluid. Parotid salivary flow rate decreased by up to 43% when the saline concentration of the drinking water was increased. There was an inverse relationship between saliva flow rate and the fluid intake, but much of the effect appeared to be due to ingestion of sodium chloride per se. Salt water ingestion caused an increase in the salivary concentration of sodium and phosphate; a decrease in that of potassium; and no change in that of chloride or osmolality. The rate of secretion of sodium varied directly with saliva flow rate. The outflow of water from the rumen to the omasum, or its net absorption across the rumen wall, were not influenced by treatment. In centrifuged rumen fluid samples saline ingestion caused increased levels of sodium, chloride and osmolality; decreased levels of potassium; and no change in calcium, magnesium or phosphate. Outflows of sodium and chloride to the omasum were increased. The apparent absorption of sodium and chloride from the rumen increased proportionately to the inflows of these ions via the saliva and drinking fluid. The additional sodium and chloride ions arising from the ingested saline were absorbed in approximately equal amounts. Saline drinking by sheep leads to a reduction in the rate of secretion of parotid saliva and its accompanying ions, which partially compensates for the added amount of fluid and electrolyte which enter the rumen in the drinking water.

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

Central water softening: customer comfort is relevant in new WHO view

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn Groenendijk ◽  
Stephan van de Wetering ◽  
Ruud van Nieuwenhuijze
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The effects and implications of the hardness of drinking water have been intensively discussed for some years. Preventive properties have been attributed to calcium and magnesium in connection with cardiovascular disease. More recently the discussion resumed in advance of the new WHO guidelines that will deal with desalination of drinking water obtained from brackish or salt water. The outcome of these discussions will impact on water supply companies that have decided to apply central softening for reasons of customer comfort. This paper describes the strategy adopted by Brabant Water in relation to water softening and customer satisfaction and the significance of the WHO guidelines.

EFFECT OF DIETARY EDTA ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKS TO TOLERATE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE WATER

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-637
Author(s):  
T. K. J. COWAN ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS ◽  
D. B. BRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Broiler Chicks

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

The tolerance of sheep to sodium chloride in food or drinking water

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Intake Water

Sodium chloride was added in different amounts to the diet or drinking water of Merino sheep. The food intake declined at the higher concentrations (10–20% in food, 1.5–2.0% in water) but the decline was not related solely to the amount of sodium chloride ingested. The water intake increased in relation to the amount of sodium chloride ingested, irrespective of diet or means of ingestion (food or water). It is suggested that the acceptability or taste of food or water containing high levels of salt is a factor in determining the salt tolerance of sheep. The salt intake–water intake relationship is used to estimate the possible saving of fresh water to be derived from diluting it with saline bore water.

Adverse responses in egg shell quality in late-lay resulting from short-term use of saline drinking water in early- or mid-lay

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
D. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell

Three experiments were carried out to determine the long-term responses in egg shell quality when hens were given saline drinking water for only a few weeks either at the start of lay or in mid-lay. Shell quality of eggs from hens given town water containing an additional 2 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/L as drinking water for periods of 5 or 6 weeks prior to 30 weeks of age or between 48 and 53 weeks of age was significantly poorer at the end of lay than shell quality of eggs from hens given town water throughout lay. Apart from these short periods of saline water supply the NaCl-treated hens received town water throughout lay. Shell defects were increased significantly after 55 weeks of age even when no apparent detrimental effects of saline drinking water on shell quality were observed during the period of saline water intake or when the incidence of shell defects returned to normal after the replacement of saline water with town water. The results indicate that the adverse effects of saline drinking water on egg shell quality is of long-term significance, being especially noticeable towards the end of lay.

The Effects of Chronic Cyanide Poisoning on the Tolerance of Rainbow Trout to Varying Salinity

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Leduc ◽  
Kenneth K.S. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract The effects of cyanide on iono- and osmoregulation are soon established and last long after the period of exposure to the toxicant is over. The effects are of the order of 4 to 8 percent changes in blood plasma osmolality and chloride ions, changes which are indicative of serious physiological impairment, having costly energetic implications. The deleterious effects of cyanide were detected at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/l HCN in water of pH 7.5. Juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were first exposed to various concentrations of cyanide ranging from 0.01 to 0.037 mg/1 HCN for 28 days in fresh water in flow-through aquaria at 10?C. After this exposure period the fish together with untreated fresh water controls were transferred into 18.9 ppt salt water for 260 hours during which blood plasma osmolality and chloride were monitored. By the end of the salinity tolerance tests the poisoned fish had experienced greater loss of water than the controls but no change of chloride were observed. Upon return to fresh water for 100 hours all the fish lost chloride ions, the effect being much greater in the cyanide exposed fish. When the fish were first adapted to salt water then transferred to fresh water cyanide they also experienced loss of chloride and dilution of plasma greater than the controls did.

Influence of the concentration and volume of saline water on the food intake of sheep, and on their excretion of sodium and water in urine and faeces

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The intake of food and the excretion of urine and faeces by 15 Merino sheep were recorded while they were given fixed volumes of fresh or saline (1 -5 and 2.0% sodium chloride) drinking water. The food intakes of the sheep increased as the volumes of either fresh or saline water were increased from 0.5 to 6.0 l/day. The addition of sodium chloride to the water decreased the food intake, but the decrease was restored by an increase in the volume of water given of c. 50 % for 1.5 % sodium chloride, and c. 100% for 2.0% sodium chloride. However, on 2.0% sodium chloride, no further increase in the intake of food occurred with volumes above 3.0 l/day, and maximum intakes were only 6045% of the maximum intakes on fresh water. When the lower volumes of saline water were given, the amount of food eaten for a given volume of water was decreased at higher temperatures and slightly decreased by a higher potassium content of the diet. High volumes (4.0-6.0 l/day) of 2.0% sodium chloride depressed food intake when the ration was oaten chaff, but not when it was lucerne chaff. The increased intake of sodium arising from the addition of sodium chloride to the water was excreted in the urine, and there was no change in the sodium content of the faeces. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the urine declined as the amount to be excreted was increased. The volume of urine excreted was related to the amount of sodium and potassium to be excreted, while the amount of water lost in the faeces was related to the quantity of faecal dry matter excreted and the type of diet.

scholarly journals Studies in the life of Robert Boyle, F. R. S. Part II. Salt water freshened

1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-216 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Adequate Supply

The problem of ensuring an adequate supply of good drinking water during lengthy voyages at sea is one that has received much attention through the ages. In particular the preparation of fresh water from seawater has been frequently attempted : it is mentioned by Pliny, and even receives consideration to-day. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when so much enterprise was directed to the discovery of new worlds, navigators were put to much trouble to maintain supplies of drinking water of reasonable quality. It is understandable that any invention capable of satisfying this need would be of inestimable benefit ; that Robert Boyle should have taken an interest in the matter is not surprising. In 1674 he published a tract entitled Observations and Experiments about the Saltness of the Sea in which he reviewed past speculations on the cause of the sea’s salinity ; gave his own views on this subject ; referred to the difficulty experienced by seamen in maintaining fresh water supplies; dealt with the preparation of fresh water from sea-water by distillation, mentioning that this process had already been used aboard ship under conditions of extreme necessity by the navigator Sir Richard Hawkins; and finally reported the results of his own hydrostatical and chemical examination of sea-water.

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