The tolerance of sheep to sodium chloride in food or drinking water

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Intake Water

Sodium chloride was added in different amounts to the diet or drinking water of Merino sheep. The food intake declined at the higher concentrations (10–20% in food, 1.5–2.0% in water) but the decline was not related solely to the amount of sodium chloride ingested. The water intake increased in relation to the amount of sodium chloride ingested, irrespective of diet or means of ingestion (food or water). It is suggested that the acceptability or taste of food or water containing high levels of salt is a factor in determining the salt tolerance of sheep. The salt intake–water intake relationship is used to estimate the possible saving of fresh water to be derived from diluting it with saline bore water.

Influence of the concentration and volume of saline water on the food intake of sheep, and on their excretion of sodium and water in urine and faeces

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The intake of food and the excretion of urine and faeces by 15 Merino sheep were recorded while they were given fixed volumes of fresh or saline (1 -5 and 2.0% sodium chloride) drinking water. The food intakes of the sheep increased as the volumes of either fresh or saline water were increased from 0.5 to 6.0 l/day. The addition of sodium chloride to the water decreased the food intake, but the decrease was restored by an increase in the volume of water given of c. 50 % for 1.5 % sodium chloride, and c. 100% for 2.0% sodium chloride. However, on 2.0% sodium chloride, no further increase in the intake of food occurred with volumes above 3.0 l/day, and maximum intakes were only 6045% of the maximum intakes on fresh water. When the lower volumes of saline water were given, the amount of food eaten for a given volume of water was decreased at higher temperatures and slightly decreased by a higher potassium content of the diet. High volumes (4.0-6.0 l/day) of 2.0% sodium chloride depressed food intake when the ration was oaten chaff, but not when it was lucerne chaff. The increased intake of sodium arising from the addition of sodium chloride to the water was excreted in the urine, and there was no change in the sodium content of the faeces. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the urine declined as the amount to be excreted was increased. The volume of urine excreted was related to the amount of sodium and potassium to be excreted, while the amount of water lost in the faeces was related to the quantity of faecal dry matter excreted and the type of diet.

Relationship between food and water ingestion in the rabbit

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Cizek
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum

Studies of ad libitum food-water intake relationship were made on 146 rabbits over a period of 7 1/2 years. Fluid intake was considerable, averaging at least 200 cc/day. Though daily variations occurred, major deflections from this mean were rare. Six-month studies revealed a quantitative linear relationship between food and water intakes. This relationship was altered somewhat by age since both water and food intake continue to decrease with time, water at a slightly greater rate than food. When food was suddenly removed, male rabbits consistently displayed a syndrome of polydipsia and polyuria. Balance studies revealed a sodium chloride deficiency. This caused polydipsia because substituting saline for drinking water abolished enhanced drinking. Equimolar solutions of potassium chloride were without such an effect. Female rabbits showed variable responses to food deprivation, depending on age. When young, the response was polydipsic. Repeated food deprivations resulted in decreasing responses as the rabbit matured; as aging continued, the responses reverted back to a polydipsic phase. Castration of females abolished this cyclic response.

Effect of restricted access to water on the intake of salty foods by Merino and Border Leicester sheep

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
NL Hindley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Restricted Access ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Access To Water

Sheep were fed on diets containing 7.5, 11.25, and 15% added sodium chloride to simulate diets containing up to 100% saltbush (Atriplex spp.). When access to water was restricted to once daily, there was a reduction in food intake, the reduction being more severe with the more salty diets. When fed on the diet containing 15% added sodium chloride and when their access to water was restricted to once daily, Merino sheep drank 5.01 l/day and Border Leicester sheep 7.6 l/day. Food intakes differed in approximately the same proportion, and on a body weight basis (kg0.73) the Border Leicesters ate 22% more food than the Merinos. It is concluded that Merino sheep will need to drink more often than once daily when their water intake exceeds 5 l/sheep/day, and that this would occur when the saltbush intake reached 500–600 g/day.

Effect of hypoxic hypoxia and carbon monoxide on food intake, water intake, and body weight in two strains of rats

Life Sciences ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1511-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. Koob ◽  
Zoltan Annau ◽  
Robert J. Rubin ◽  
Mark R. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Hypoxic Hypoxia ◽  
Intake Water

scholarly journals Comparative effects of continuous infusion of m CPP, Ro 60-0175 and d -fenfluramine on food intake, water intake, body weight and locomotor activity in rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1305-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Vickers ◽  
K R Benwell ◽  
R H Porter ◽  
M J Bickerdike ◽  
G A Kennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Intake Water

scholarly journals Effects of essential amino acids on food and water intake of rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Harvey Anderson ◽  
Shuqin Luo ◽  
Leonidas Trigazis ◽  
Greta Kubis ◽  
Edmund T. S. Li
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Intake Water ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

This study examined the effects of selected groups of essential amino acids (EAAs), given by gavage, on short-term food and water intake. Amino acid groups were selected on the basis of their common physiologic functions in relation to current hypotheses on the role of amino acids in food intake control, and the quantities given were based on the proportions in 1.5 g of the EAA content of albumin. The complete EAA mixture (1.5 g) suppressed food intake by an average of 60 and 37% during the 1st and 2nd h of feeding, respectively, but had no influence on feeding in the subsequent 12 h. Total daily (14 h) intake was decreased by 9%. With the exception of the aromatic amino acid (Phe + Tyr + Trp, 0.34 g) group, all groups significantly decreased food intake by a comparable magnitude (32%) during the 1st h. In this time period, rats given the EAAs, Arg + Met + Val (0.38 g), and Arg + His + Lys (0.44 g) mixtures increased their water intake, whereas intake by rats given the Phe + Tyr + Trp + Thr (0.46 g) and Ile + Leu + Val (0.45 g) mixtures was unchanged. Thus, the food intake suppression caused by EAAs was not accounted for by an equal effect of its component amino acid groups. As well, food intake suppression by amino acid groups was not explained by increased water consumption, nor was it simply related to the quantity of nitrogen provided by the treatment.Key words: food intake, water intake, essential amino acids.

scholarly journals TOXIC EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSE OF QUASSIN IN NORMAL AND DEPRIVED MICROFLORA RAT GROUPS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83
Author(s):  
Duraid A.Abbas ◽  
O.M.S. Al—Shaha,
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Control Food Intake ◽  
Intake Water

Eighteen rats were divided into three equal groups. The first group was closed orally with quassin, the second group was dosed with quassin after the gut flora were suppressed by difierent antibiotics, and the third group was served as a control. Food intake, water intake, and change in body weight were measured daily before dosing, during two weeks of dosing, and during one week after stopping dosing. Two eats from each group were killed at the end of each week, and stomach, liver, and kidney were collected for histopathologic examination. The results show a significant decline in daily food intake and daily change in body weight, and a significant increase in daily water intake in both dosed groups during the dosing period. Microscopic lesions were seen in the kidneys of both dosed rats group killed at the end of first and second week

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

Observations on the adaptation by sheep to saline drinking water

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Stable Level ◽  
Micro Organisms

The extent of adaptation by sheep and rumen micro-organisms to saline drinking water was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, eleven sheep were introduced suddenly to drinking water containing 2 per cent NaCl. Food intakes fell sharply for three days, but then increased again, and by five to seven days reached a stable level 160 g below the food intake on fresh water. In the second experiment, rumen liquor for in vitro digestion studies was taken from sheep conditioned to saline drinking water (2 per cent NaCl) and from sheep with no experience of saline drinking water. The amount of dry-matter (ryegrass) digested decreased with increasing concentration of the medium, but there was no evidence of adaptation by the rumen micro-organisms to this increased concentration. When the concentration was increased by the addition of NaCl alone, the decrease in amount digested was less than when the concentration of all ions was increased.

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