Temperature influences on the in vitro digestibility and soluble carbohydrate accumulation of tropical and temperate grasses

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CW Ford
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Stage Of Development

Thirteen tropical or subtropical and 11 temperate grasses were grown in controlled environment under daylnight temperatures of 21/13, 27/19, and 32/24�C. Each plant was harvested 2 days after the fifth leaf on the main stem reached maximum length; other plants of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume and Lolium perenne cv. S.24 grown under the same conditions were also harvested 4, 8, 12, and 18 days after this stage of development. There was a consistent decline in the in vitro digestibility of most of the temperate grasses with increase in temperature from 21/13 to 32/24�C. This decline averaged about 5 digestibility units and was associated with a fall in the percentage of soluble carbohydrates. In contrast, temperature had little effect on the digestibility of most of the tropical grasses. However, in later harvests of Panicum the digestibility at 27/19 and 32/24� was consistently lower than at 21/13�. This was attributed to the more advanced growth stages at the higher temperatures. The temperate grasses accumulated much higher concentrations of soluble carbohydrate than the tropical grasses.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Arroquy ◽  
M. V. Cornacchione ◽  
D. Colombatto ◽  
C. Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Arroquy, J. I., Cornacchione, M. V., Colombatto, D. and Kunst, Jr., C. 2014. Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 705–715. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of preservation type on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of warm-season grasses (WSG). Treatments consisted of two factors (6×2): the first factor was tropical grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris (cv. Biloela, and cv. Molopo), Chloris gayana (cv. Callide and cv. Finecut), Panicum maximum, and Brachiaria bryzanta; and the second factor was preservation type (hay vs. silage). Cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and water-soluble carbohydrate (P<0.05) concentrations were different among WSG. In general, hay or silage altered fiber content compared with fresh. For instance, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were lower in silage than in hay and fresh grass (P<0.05). Gas production rates were higher in silage from 0 to 24 h of fermentation, except at 4 h of incubation. After 24 h, gas production (GP) rate was similar for both preservation types, whilst potential GP was similar between preservation types. However, silage had decreased lag time compared with hay (P<0.01). Silage had greater dry matter disappearance than hay (P<0.05), and gas production yield was similar for grass species and preservation type. Our results indicate that WSG conserved as silage showed beneficial changes in chemical composition and dry matter degradation compared with hay.

Temperature effects on lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in tropical and temperate grasses

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Ford ◽  
IM Morrison ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Thirteen tropical and 11 temperate grasses were grown in controlled environment under day/night temperatures of 21/13, 27/19 and 32/24°C. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was prepared from the fifth leaf on the main stem of each plant, 2 days after it had reached maximum length. Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (tropical) and Lolium perenne cv. S24 (temperate) were also harvested at 4,8, and 12 days after this stage of development. For the tropical grasses NDF values, corrected for starch and protein, decreased with increasing growth temperature, whereas in the temperate species they increased. In the tropical group the decrease in NDF was due to a lower cellulose content, whereas hemicellulose and lignin levels generally tended to increase slightly with increasing temperature. In the temperate grasses, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose levels all showed a consistent increase with growth temperature. At each growth temperature the lignin content of the species in the tropical group had a significant negative correlation with in vitro digestibility, and lignin appeared to be more closely associated with hemicellulose than with cellulose. In contrast, at each temperature, variation in digestibility between species of the temperate group was not correlated with lignin. Levels of cell wall components in the later-harvested material from Lolium varied in a similar manner to that of the younger growth stage, whereas older Panicum cell wall constituents showed more variability.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and in Vitro Digestibility of Five Heavily Fertilized Tropical Grasses in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
S. Tessema ◽  
R. E. McDowell ◽  
P. J. Van Soest ◽  
A. Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis

Samples from five tropical grass species: Guinea (Panicum maximum), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens), Congo (Brachiaria ruziziensis), Merker (Pennisetum purpureum), and Star (Cynodon nlemfuensis), were harvested during nine weeks at ages from 7 to 63 days in southwestern Puerto Rico. The grasses were fertilized at the rate of 4480 kg/ha per year with a 15-5-10 fertilizer. The crude protein content of all grasses exceeded 10 percent up through 28 days of regrowth. Grasses declined in crude protein from a mean of 18.1 percent at 7 days to 5.6 percent at 63 days. A narrower range was observed between grasses from 42 to 63 days. The five tropical grasses possessed high contents of structural carbohydrates, principally cellulose and lignin, which increased with age, except in Pangola grass. Silica did not change uniformly with age in any of the grasses while hemicellulose was characterized by marked fluctuations. Digestibility values were lower at all stages of growth than in temperate forages of similar ages. Cellulose was negatively correlated with in vitro digestibility in all grasses except Pangola. Lignin appeared to be the predominant factor in determining digestibility. The relationship of silica to digestibility varied between species, being positive in some (Guinea and Congo) and negative in others (Star, Pangola, and Merker). The grasses may be ranked as follows with regard to their chemical composition and digestibility: Merker > Congo > Star > Guinea > Pangola. Pangola grass, though lowest in in vitro digestibility, declined least with advancing age, thus maintaining a more constant quality for a longer period of time.

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of lines of Lolium perenne selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Radojevic ◽  
RJ Simpson ◽  
JA StJohn ◽  
MO Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Differences in the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage of northern European perennial ryegrass cultivars (Aurora, Melle, Cariad) grown under southern Australian conditions, and a New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivar (Ellett) which yields well in southern Australia, were investigated in relation to their nutritive value. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and digestibility of NDF (NDFD) were measured in all cultivars. Aurora and Cariad exhibited higher WSC concentrations than the other cultivars, particularly during summer. This buffered the decline in IVDMD that was due to declining NDFD at that time of the year and resulted in an improvement in IVDMD of between 2 and 6%. Although WSC and nitrogen concentrations of the herbage were negatively correlated, this was due mainly to divergent seasonal variation in these components of the herbage.

scholarly journals Climate, nitrogen and grass. 6. Comparison of yield and chemical composition of some temperate and tropical grass species grown at different temperatures.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Deinum ◽  
J.G.P. Dirven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis

For part 5 see NAR 43, 148. 6. Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and 2 tropical grasses, Axonopus compressus and Brachiaria ruziziensis, were grown in pots under day/night temperatures of 19 deg /12 deg , 24 deg /18 deg , 28 deg /23 deg and 34 deg /30 deg C and regrowth was cut after 18 and 35 days. The stemmy Brachiaria was much more productive than the others which remained vegetative. The optimum production temperature was 24 deg or less for the temperate grasses but >30 deg for the others. Yield was greatest after 35 days and with high N fertilization. Lolium had the highest average content of N, soluble carbohydrates and digestibility in vitro and Brachiaria the lowest. Digestibility declined with increase in temperature and age, most for Brachiaria. These effects were caused by an increase in content of cell-wall constituents and a decrease in their digestibility. N fertilization had no effect on digestibility. Results support the hypothesis that the low digestibility of tropical grasses is mainly due to the high temperature during growth but may be improved appreciably if stem formation is suppressed. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Axonopus compressus and Brachiaria ruziziensis were grown in pots in a glasshouse under day/night temperatures of 19/12, 24/18, 28/23 or 34/30 deg C with intermediate or high N and regrowth was harvested after 18 and 35 days. Reproductive B. ruziziensis was much more productive than the other vegetative species. Optimum day temperature for production was 24 deg or lower for temperate grasses but >30 deg for tropical species. L. perenne had the highest contents of N and soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility and B. ruziziensis the lowest, differences being smallest at the low temperature. There was a consistent decline in digestibility of all species with increase in temperature and age which was correlated with an increase in cell wall constituents but was not related to amount of N applied. [For Part 5 see HbA 43, 1557] (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Temperature influences on the growth, digestibility, and carbohydrate compositions of two tropical grasses, Panicum maximum var Trichoglume and Setaria sphacelata, and two cultivars of the temperate grass Lolium perenne

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CW Ford
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Structural Cell

Two tropical grasses, Panicunl maximum var. trichoglume and Setaria spliacelata cv. Nandi were compared with two cultivars of Lolium perenne, S.24 and Kangaroo Valley, grown in controlled environment at day/night temperatures of 15.6/10, 21 .1/15.6,26.7/21.1, and 32.2/26.7�C. The plants were harvested when still vegetative. The tropical grasses grew faster than the L. perenne cultivars at all but the lowest temperatures, and had a generally higher relative water content. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the L. pereiine cultivars appeared inherently higher than that of the tropical grasses, but for each species digestibility Mtas modified by the environment and was highest at the lower growth temperatures. The tropical grasses were lower in alcohol- and cold water-soluble sugars, and higher in starch and structural (cell wall) carbohydrates than the L. perenne cultivars. For all grasses, as temperature increased from 15.6/10 to 26.7/21.1�C the concentration of the structural carbohydrates increased whilst that of the total non-structural carbohydrates changed relatively little. A further increase in temperature to 32.2/26.7� resulted in a marked decline in the concentration of simple sugars and structural carbohydrates whilst polymeric sugars increased. At this latter temperature the starch content in Setaria and Panicurn increased to as high as 16 and 13% of dry weight respectively. The differences in digestibility appeared to be associated with the differences in the proportions of the different carbohydrate fractions.

EVALUATION OF PINEGRASS AS RANGE FORAGE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair McLean ◽  
S. Freyman ◽  
J. E. Miltimore ◽  
D. M. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Calcium Iron

Seasonal changes in the quality of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) on native forest range in southern British Columbia included declines in crude protein content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and increases in content of lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and ash. The decline in average daily gains of beef heifers was more rapid than changes in quality of the pinegrass over the grazing period from June to October.Pinegrass contained adequate nutrients for the rapid growth of yearlings or for maintaining weanling calves until August 1, whereupon protein and phosphorus supplementation were required. Nutrient requirements of pregnant cows and replacement heifers were adequately met until September 1.Copper and zinc were inadequate throughout the season. Calcium, iron, and manganese contents, however, were satisfactory. Silica was high and must be considered a potential problem in pinegrass utilization.Digestible dry matter gave a high positive correlation with crude protein and phosphorus and a high negative correlation with lignin, acid-detergent fiber, and total ash.Crude fiber, crude fat, and total soluble carbohydrate contents of pinegrass did not closely follow changes in either animal gains or in vitro digestible dry matter.Crude protein, phosphorus, and acid-detergent fiber appear to give a good indication of animal yields on pinegrass and could be used to evaluate pinegrass quality where animal data are not available.

Single-cut red clover combined with late timothy may be valuable in short-term rotations

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
S. A. E. Fillmore ◽  
G. Dürr
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Short Term

Late-maturing cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) may be grown in short-term rotations with other crops and harvested for hay and silage. Harvesting forage in mid-summer is often advantageous for field curing, but the quality of mature forage may be low. We studied how harvests at different developmental stages affected yield, composition of herbage, and species persistence. The late-maturing single-cut red clover cultivar Altaswede and late timothy cultivar Farol were grown alone and in combination with and without applied N. Total forage, and red clover and timothy dry matter yields, increased between the first (27 June) and third (11 July) dates of harvest. Timothy grown alone or combined with red clover and fertilized with N produced greater forage yields than red clover alone or red clover + timothy without applied N. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter declined from 670 to 625 g kg−1 and crude protein from 134 to 109 g kg−1 between 27 June and 11 July. Water soluble carbohydrates in forage were low (36–66 g kg−1) in cuts 1 and 2. Macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations were generally highest at the first date of harvest on 27 June. Nutrient concentrations in cut 2 were similar for the three harvest schedules. We conclude that growing late-maturing single-cut red clover combined with late timothy produced high yields with good nutritional quality even at advanced stages of maturity. Single-cut red clover persisted for the first production year making this combination suited for short-term rotations that involve late harvesting of the primary growth. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense, timothy, Phleum pratense, composition

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