The effects of plant density and frequency of cutting on the growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). II. Yield in the vegetative and reproductive phases

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Reproductive Phases

The effects of plant density and cutting frequency on the reproductive phase and yield in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) were investigated. The plants of a clone were established at nine spacings that increased geometrically from 4 in. (10 cm) to 17 in. (42.5 cm) between plants to provide densities from 9 plants per sq ft to 0.5 plant per sq ft. They were cut every 2,4, or 8 weeks or cut once at the end of the growing season. Early in the season when growth was purely vegetative the highest yield per unit area was obtained with plants at high densities. Later, in some treatments, but while the plants were still vegetative, the combined effect of very frequent cutting and high density weakened the plants and the highest yields were then obtained at somewhat lower densities. When the plants first became reproductive, the highest yields per unit area were at low densities, as these plants were the earliest to become reproductive and their elongated tillers led to high yields. The optimal density for yield changed with time towards greater density as plants at these greater densities in turn became reproductive. Frequent cutting and high density reduced both the vegetative and reproductive fractions of the plant but the reduction was greater in the reproductive fraction. As high yields were associated with the reproductive fraction, the highest yields for the season were obtained from the uncut plants or from plants cut infrequently (8-week intervals).

The effects of plant density and frequency of cutting on the growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L). I. The production of vegetative and reproductive tillers

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

To study the effects of density and cutting frequency on the reproductive phase of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) the plants of a clone were established on a geometric scale at nine spacings ranging from 4 to 17 in, between plants, which provided densities from 9 plants to 0.5 plant per sq ft. The plants were cut every 2, 4, or 8 weeks or cut once at the end of the growing season. The cut tillers were classified as vegetative or reproductive (elongating and heading). The number of vegetative tillers per plant was reduced by high density in all treatments. A change in cutting frequency from every 8 to every 4 weeks had little effect on numbers but cutting every 2 weeks led to a large reduction in numbers. The reproductive tillers were affected by the treatments much more than the vegetative tillers. At most densities, more reproductive tillers were produced by the regularly cut plants than by the plants cut once at the end of the season. The increase was attributed to destruction of the apical dominance of early reproductive buds that inhibit the development of further reproductive tillers. Very frequent cutting and high density delayed the incidence of the reproductive phase for many weeks. The optimal density for the production of reproductive tillers changed with time. It was often lower than for vegetative tillers.

The relation between yield and the reproductive phase in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in a winter rainfall environment

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
High Yields

Studies were made of six genotypes of Dactylis glomerata grown in defoliated clonal swards in the Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. Differences between genotypes in timing of reproductive phase stem elongation was the main cause of yield differences for 5 months of the growing season. This latter period compares with the 3–4 weeks for differentiation of ecotypes found in northern temperate regions, and is a result of the winter growing season and lower latitude. High yields were obtained under midwinter conditions from early genotypes. The yield of late genotypes was affected by moisture stress in the spring of some years, and their production was very erratic from year to year. The ranking of the genotypes was affected by the date of the previous harvest. Initiation of reproductive buds was variable between genotypes, and some genotypes carried initiated buds throughout the year.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Leaf Tissue Rehydration of One Annual and Two Perennial Grass Forage Species Induced by Bioclimate

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Eirini - Ia KAPSALI ◽  
Maria KARATASSIOU
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Bioclimate signifies the continuous interplay between plants and climate factors (primarily drought) and has a direct impact on the water relations and the duration of the rehydration process in water stressed plants. To explore the association between bioclimate and water physiology of forage species in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands, we determined the seasonal variation in leaf water potential, turgid weight and relative water content in wild growing Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss (perennial) and Bromus sterilis L. (annual) during the growing season. The study was conducted at the farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The results of the current study reveal that B. sterilis maintained high levels of water potential most probably by accelerating its biological cycle and decreasing water content because it fails to sustain turgidity. Dactylis glomerata and B. inermis presented even higher water contents than B. sterilis for the same water potential. Dactylis glomerata exhibited substantially higher water potential and content than B. inermis by keeping the rehydration duration stable. The extensive creeping rhizome seems to allow B. inermis to sustain high values of water potential and content possibly ensuring turgidity. Regardless of the grass species the duration of rehydration ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 hours throughout the growing season. Our findings demonstrate that (a) D. glomerata and B. inermis are better adapted to Mediterranean semiarid conditions than B. sterilis and (b) turgid weight in Mediterranean forage species can safely be determined after a rehydration period of 3.5 hours.

The influence of density and nitrogen in seed production stands of S 37 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
The Third ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
High Level ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Area Percentage ◽  
Lower Plant

1. Seed production stands of S 37 cocksfoot were obtained with varying plant densities by utilizing two drill widths, removing sections of drill, or over-sowing drilled material. All density treatments were operative at two levels of N, 87 or 174 lb. N per acre per annum.2. Tillers in selected quadrats were labelled at monthly intervals during autumn and/or winter for 3 years. Performances of tiller populations were assessed from these quadrats.3. Seed yields were increased in many cases by reducing plant density from a continuous drill pattern. Increased plant density reduced yields. With plant communities on a 1 ft. square arrangement at the high level of nitrogen, an increase of 33%, or 243 lb. seed, per year over a 3-year period was obtained compared with continuous rows at any level of N. The yield of gapped stands increased over the 3-year period, whilst the yields of continuous rows dropped in the final year.4. Nitrogen significantly increased the yield of cocksfoot, except in the third year, by increasing the weight of seed per ear.5. Tiller numbers per quadrat increased in most treatments over the course of the experiment, both within years and from year to year; seasonal peaks of tillering were apparent. The effect of N on tiller numbers differed each year, presumably due to the state of the populations when the N was applied.6. Higher tiller numbers per plant were obtained with lower plant numbers per unit area. Percentage fertility of tillers was generally higher with lower plant densities, and lower tiller numbers per plant, other factors being equal. The only significant effect of N on fertility was to decrease it in the third year.

INFLUENCE OF TIME AND RATE OF N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND CRUDE PROTEIN OF THREE COOL SEASON GRASSES GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. MALZER ◽  
R. P. SCHOPER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Three separate experiments were conducted with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) to determine the timing and rate effects of N fertilization for forage production on organic soils in northern Minnesota. Nine N treatments, using 0, 168 and 336 kg N/ha, were applied in single or split (up to four) applications during the growing season. Dry matter (DM) production and crude protein content of the forage were determined in a four-clipping management program. With N fertilization total DM production for the 2-yr study was increased, on the average, by 104, 37, and 121% for orchardgrass, quackgrass, and reed canarygrass. Total production of all three grasses was significantly increased up to the 336 kg N/ha application. On the control areas (0 N) quackgrass produced an average of 61 and 82% more total forage than orchardgrass and reed canarygrass. Split applications of fertilizer N during the growing season had relatively little influence on total DM productions. However, applying N later in the growing season significantly increased DM production of reed canarygrass for the third and fourth clippings. Late N applications significantly influenced orchardgrass in the third and fourth clippings consistently during only 1 yr of the experiment and did not alter quack-grass production in either year.Key words: Histosols, Dactylis glomerata L., Agropyron repens L., Phalaris arundinacea L.

scholarly journals The Effects of Different Planting Densities on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Yield and Yield Components in Mardin Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-567
Author(s):  
E. Zelal DÜZGÜN ◽  
Necat TOĞAY
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Biological Yield

In this study, the effects of four different sowing densities (200, 250, 300 and 350 seed m-2) on the yield and yield components for two winter lentil cultivars (Şakar and Fırat-87) in Mardin conditions. The study was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replicates at the fields of Mardin Artuklu University, Kızıltepe Vocational High School in 2012-2013 growing season. In the study were investigated the effect of planting densities on the plant height, first pod height, numbers of branche, numbers of pod per plant and numbers of seed per plant, numbers of seed per pod, seed yield per unit area, harvest index, biological yield and 1000 seed weight. While the highest seed yield per area was obtained from second plant density and Şakar variety with 275.23 kg da-1, the lowest seed yield per area was obtained from first plant density and Fırat-87 variety with 208.83 kg da-1.

Growing-season rainfall, ear number and the water-limited potential yield of wheat in south-western Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Narelle Simpson ◽  
Michael L. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Ear Number

Knowledge of the contribution of ear number per unit area, grains per ear, and kernel weight to grain yield is important in understanding the limits to the water-limited potential yield of wheat in rain-fed agricultural regions. This paper analyses the relationships between grain yield, yield components and growing-season rainfall using data from the low-, medium-, and high-rainfall zones of the cropping region of south-western Australia. The aim of the paper is to quantify the contribution of ear number, grains per ear and kernel weight to grain yield and define the yield components of wheat required to achieve its water-limited yield. The grain yield of wheat was closely related to the number of grains per unit area (r2 = 0.90) and ears/m2 (r2 = 0.75), but poorly correlated with kernel weight (r2 = 0.30) and grains/ear (r2 = 0.09). The number of grains per unit area was highly related (r2 = 0.75) to the number of ears per unit area across the rainfall zones of the cropping region, and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.88–0.94) to the spike dry weight at anthesis. The highest yields achieved in the field were close to the water-limited potential estimated using the French and Schultz method. To achieve this water-limited potential, wheat requires 1 ear per m2 for every mm of growing-season rainfall (r2 = 0.92). We conclude that the number of ears per unit area is the most important factor required in order to achieve high yields of up to a yield of 6 t/ha in wheat in rain-fed south-western Australia.

The effect of differences in intensity and frequency of defoliation on the growth of Phalaris aquatica L. and Dactylis glomerata L

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Cutting Regimes ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Stem Production

The response of phalaris (Phalaris aquaticu cv. Sirosa, Sirolan and Seedmaster) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata cv. Currie) to 2- or 4-weekly cutting at heights of 2 or 7 cm was compared in a glasshouse experiment. Treatments were imposed over a period of 16 weeks.Dry matter production was greatest under the most lenient defoliation regime (4 week17 cm) and least under the most severe defoliation regime (2 week12 cm). Differences in harvested dry matter per tiller and leaf area per pot among cultivars increased with increasing leniency of defoliation. There were significant cultivar x cutting frequency x cutting height interactions for total winter leaf and spring stem production. Harvested dry matter from Sirosa and Sirolan was greater than that from Seedmaster under 4-weekly cutting, although differences in harvested dry matter per tiller were evident under all cutting regimes. Currie cocksfoot consistently maintained higher tiller numbers than the phalaris cultivars, but leaf, stem and leaf area production per tiller were generally ranked Sirolan > Sirosa > Seedmaster> Currie. When reproductive tillers were decapitated, Sirolan and Sirosa tended to produce more new tillers than Seedmaster under frequent cutting. More crown buds were found at the base of Sirolan tillers than on those of other phalaris cultivars, but the number of buds was reduced more on Sirolan with increasing severity of defoliation than on other cultivars. It is postulated that Sirolan and Sirosa may benefit from spelling in spring, and defoliation to a higher residual herbage mass andlor sward height than Australian-Seedmaster type.

scholarly journals Leaf dynamics of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata L. at the end of the growing season

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Jiří Skládanka
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Senescence Rate ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The paper is focused on the assessment of leaf extension rate (LER), leaf appearance rate (LAR) and leaf senescence rate (LSR) in the Festulolium (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and in the Dactylis glomerata L. at the end of the growing season from the end of September to the beginning of December. In summer, the swards were used for a single cut (beginning of June) or for a double cut (beginning of June and end of July). Measurements were made in three periods from 14 Sept. to 11 Oct., from 11 Oct. to 29 Oct., and from 29 Oct. to 6 Dec. In the first period, LER was higher in Dactylis glomerata L. (3.770 mm tiller−1 d−1) than in Festulolium (2.376 mm tiller−1 d−1). In the second and third period, LER was higher in Festulolium (0.859 resp. 0.271 mm tiller−1 d−1) than in Dactylis glomerata L. (0.694, resp. 0.199 mm tiller−1 d−1). LAR values measured in Festulolium in the studied pe­riods were 0.277 leaf tiller−1 d−1, 0.079 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and 0.038 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and LAR values of Dactylis glomerata L. were 0.225 leaf tiller−1 d−1, 0.054 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and 0.027 leaf tiller−1 d−1. In the course of the whole pe­riod of study, LSR showed the highest values in Dactylis glomerata L. (7.869 mm til­ler−1 d−1, 5.947 mm til­ler−1 d−1 and 4.757 mm tiller−1 d−1) while the LSR values of Festulolium were lower (2.904 mm tiller−1 d−1, 2.375 mm tiller−1 d−1 and 1.205 mm tiller−1 d−1). The influence of both the species and the period of measurement on the LER, LAR and LSR values was statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) to very highly significant (P < 0.001). The interaction between the species and the period of measurement was very highly significant (P < 0.001) in the LER characteristic. The influence of the intensity of sward use in summer on the LSR values was very highly significant (P < 0.001), too.

scholarly journals Test of the Plant Density Reaction of Genotype Sunflower Hybrids

2005 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
András Szabó ◽  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Crop Density

In order to produce sunflower in Hungary today it is important to develop hybrid-specific cropping technologies. The ever widening number of hybrids makes the constant examination of genotypes necessary from the viewpoint of genotype-environment interactions and critical elements. Plant density as a complex factor puts strain on the pathological features, yield and quality of sunflower. The experiment’s main objective is to find the optimal plant density for both the genotype and external factors.As a result it can be stated that the optimal crop density is between 45,000-75,000 plant/ha. In 2001 the optimal density was 55,000 plant/ha. The Aréna PR and the Alexandra PR hybrids produced the greatest yields (3511 kgha-1; 3338 kgha-1). In the growing season of 2002, the yields were higher than in the previous year and the optimal crop density was 45,000-65,000 plant/ha. The best yields were produced by the Aréna PR and Alexandra PR hybrids in this year again (4102 kgha-1; 4267 kgha-1) and in 2003, 45,000-65,000 plant/ha proved to be the best crop density. The highest yield was produced by the Alexandra PR.Analyzing the growing seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003 it can be declared that as a result of dry climate of the three years yields were higher. It can be stated that the yield is decreased by higher than average of precipitation in the growing season.

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