The effects of plant density and frequency of cutting on the growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L). I. The production of vegetative and reproductive tillers

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

To study the effects of density and cutting frequency on the reproductive phase of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) the plants of a clone were established on a geometric scale at nine spacings ranging from 4 to 17 in, between plants, which provided densities from 9 plants to 0.5 plant per sq ft. The plants were cut every 2, 4, or 8 weeks or cut once at the end of the growing season. The cut tillers were classified as vegetative or reproductive (elongating and heading). The number of vegetative tillers per plant was reduced by high density in all treatments. A change in cutting frequency from every 8 to every 4 weeks had little effect on numbers but cutting every 2 weeks led to a large reduction in numbers. The reproductive tillers were affected by the treatments much more than the vegetative tillers. At most densities, more reproductive tillers were produced by the regularly cut plants than by the plants cut once at the end of the season. The increase was attributed to destruction of the apical dominance of early reproductive buds that inhibit the development of further reproductive tillers. Very frequent cutting and high density delayed the incidence of the reproductive phase for many weeks. The optimal density for the production of reproductive tillers changed with time. It was often lower than for vegetative tillers.

The effects of plant density and frequency of cutting on the growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). II. Yield in the vegetative and reproductive phases

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Reproductive Phases

The effects of plant density and cutting frequency on the reproductive phase and yield in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) were investigated. The plants of a clone were established at nine spacings that increased geometrically from 4 in. (10 cm) to 17 in. (42.5 cm) between plants to provide densities from 9 plants per sq ft to 0.5 plant per sq ft. They were cut every 2,4, or 8 weeks or cut once at the end of the growing season. Early in the season when growth was purely vegetative the highest yield per unit area was obtained with plants at high densities. Later, in some treatments, but while the plants were still vegetative, the combined effect of very frequent cutting and high density weakened the plants and the highest yields were then obtained at somewhat lower densities. When the plants first became reproductive, the highest yields per unit area were at low densities, as these plants were the earliest to become reproductive and their elongated tillers led to high yields. The optimal density for yield changed with time towards greater density as plants at these greater densities in turn became reproductive. Frequent cutting and high density reduced both the vegetative and reproductive fractions of the plant but the reduction was greater in the reproductive fraction. As high yields were associated with the reproductive fraction, the highest yields for the season were obtained from the uncut plants or from plants cut infrequently (8-week intervals).

The relation between yield and the reproductive phase in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in a winter rainfall environment

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
High Yields

Studies were made of six genotypes of Dactylis glomerata grown in defoliated clonal swards in the Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. Differences between genotypes in timing of reproductive phase stem elongation was the main cause of yield differences for 5 months of the growing season. This latter period compares with the 3–4 weeks for differentiation of ecotypes found in northern temperate regions, and is a result of the winter growing season and lower latitude. High yields were obtained under midwinter conditions from early genotypes. The yield of late genotypes was affected by moisture stress in the spring of some years, and their production was very erratic from year to year. The ranking of the genotypes was affected by the date of the previous harvest. Initiation of reproductive buds was variable between genotypes, and some genotypes carried initiated buds throughout the year.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Leaf Tissue Rehydration of One Annual and Two Perennial Grass Forage Species Induced by Bioclimate

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Eirini - Ia KAPSALI ◽  
Maria KARATASSIOU
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Bioclimate signifies the continuous interplay between plants and climate factors (primarily drought) and has a direct impact on the water relations and the duration of the rehydration process in water stressed plants. To explore the association between bioclimate and water physiology of forage species in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands, we determined the seasonal variation in leaf water potential, turgid weight and relative water content in wild growing Dactylis glomerata L., Bromus inermis Leyss (perennial) and Bromus sterilis L. (annual) during the growing season. The study was conducted at the farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The results of the current study reveal that B. sterilis maintained high levels of water potential most probably by accelerating its biological cycle and decreasing water content because it fails to sustain turgidity. Dactylis glomerata and B. inermis presented even higher water contents than B. sterilis for the same water potential. Dactylis glomerata exhibited substantially higher water potential and content than B. inermis by keeping the rehydration duration stable. The extensive creeping rhizome seems to allow B. inermis to sustain high values of water potential and content possibly ensuring turgidity. Regardless of the grass species the duration of rehydration ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 hours throughout the growing season. Our findings demonstrate that (a) D. glomerata and B. inermis are better adapted to Mediterranean semiarid conditions than B. sterilis and (b) turgid weight in Mediterranean forage species can safely be determined after a rehydration period of 3.5 hours.

INFLUENCE OF TIME AND RATE OF N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND CRUDE PROTEIN OF THREE COOL SEASON GRASSES GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. MALZER ◽  
R. P. SCHOPER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Three separate experiments were conducted with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.), and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) to determine the timing and rate effects of N fertilization for forage production on organic soils in northern Minnesota. Nine N treatments, using 0, 168 and 336 kg N/ha, were applied in single or split (up to four) applications during the growing season. Dry matter (DM) production and crude protein content of the forage were determined in a four-clipping management program. With N fertilization total DM production for the 2-yr study was increased, on the average, by 104, 37, and 121% for orchardgrass, quackgrass, and reed canarygrass. Total production of all three grasses was significantly increased up to the 336 kg N/ha application. On the control areas (0 N) quackgrass produced an average of 61 and 82% more total forage than orchardgrass and reed canarygrass. Split applications of fertilizer N during the growing season had relatively little influence on total DM productions. However, applying N later in the growing season significantly increased DM production of reed canarygrass for the third and fourth clippings. Late N applications significantly influenced orchardgrass in the third and fourth clippings consistently during only 1 yr of the experiment and did not alter quack-grass production in either year.Key words: Histosols, Dactylis glomerata L., Agropyron repens L., Phalaris arundinacea L.

The effect of differences in intensity and frequency of defoliation on the growth of Phalaris aquatica L. and Dactylis glomerata L

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Cutting Regimes ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Stem Production

The response of phalaris (Phalaris aquaticu cv. Sirosa, Sirolan and Seedmaster) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata cv. Currie) to 2- or 4-weekly cutting at heights of 2 or 7 cm was compared in a glasshouse experiment. Treatments were imposed over a period of 16 weeks.Dry matter production was greatest under the most lenient defoliation regime (4 week17 cm) and least under the most severe defoliation regime (2 week12 cm). Differences in harvested dry matter per tiller and leaf area per pot among cultivars increased with increasing leniency of defoliation. There were significant cultivar x cutting frequency x cutting height interactions for total winter leaf and spring stem production. Harvested dry matter from Sirosa and Sirolan was greater than that from Seedmaster under 4-weekly cutting, although differences in harvested dry matter per tiller were evident under all cutting regimes. Currie cocksfoot consistently maintained higher tiller numbers than the phalaris cultivars, but leaf, stem and leaf area production per tiller were generally ranked Sirolan > Sirosa > Seedmaster> Currie. When reproductive tillers were decapitated, Sirolan and Sirosa tended to produce more new tillers than Seedmaster under frequent cutting. More crown buds were found at the base of Sirolan tillers than on those of other phalaris cultivars, but the number of buds was reduced more on Sirolan with increasing severity of defoliation than on other cultivars. It is postulated that Sirolan and Sirosa may benefit from spelling in spring, and defoliation to a higher residual herbage mass andlor sward height than Australian-Seedmaster type.

scholarly journals Leaf dynamics of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata L. at the end of the growing season

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Jiří Skládanka
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Senescence Rate ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Leaf Appearance

The paper is focused on the assessment of leaf extension rate (LER), leaf appearance rate (LAR) and leaf senescence rate (LSR) in the Festulolium (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. × Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and in the Dactylis glomerata L. at the end of the growing season from the end of September to the beginning of December. In summer, the swards were used for a single cut (beginning of June) or for a double cut (beginning of June and end of July). Measurements were made in three periods from 14 Sept. to 11 Oct., from 11 Oct. to 29 Oct., and from 29 Oct. to 6 Dec. In the first period, LER was higher in Dactylis glomerata L. (3.770 mm tiller−1 d−1) than in Festulolium (2.376 mm tiller−1 d−1). In the second and third period, LER was higher in Festulolium (0.859 resp. 0.271 mm tiller−1 d−1) than in Dactylis glomerata L. (0.694, resp. 0.199 mm tiller−1 d−1). LAR values measured in Festulolium in the studied pe­riods were 0.277 leaf tiller−1 d−1, 0.079 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and 0.038 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and LAR values of Dactylis glomerata L. were 0.225 leaf tiller−1 d−1, 0.054 leaf tiller−1 d−1 and 0.027 leaf tiller−1 d−1. In the course of the whole pe­riod of study, LSR showed the highest values in Dactylis glomerata L. (7.869 mm til­ler−1 d−1, 5.947 mm til­ler−1 d−1 and 4.757 mm tiller−1 d−1) while the LSR values of Festulolium were lower (2.904 mm tiller−1 d−1, 2.375 mm tiller−1 d−1 and 1.205 mm tiller−1 d−1). The influence of both the species and the period of measurement on the LER, LAR and LSR values was statistically highly significant (P < 0.01) to very highly significant (P < 0.001). The interaction between the species and the period of measurement was very highly significant (P < 0.001) in the LER characteristic. The influence of the intensity of sward use in summer on the LSR values was very highly significant (P < 0.001), too.

scholarly journals Test of the Plant Density Reaction of Genotype Sunflower Hybrids

2005 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
András Szabó ◽  
Péter Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Optimal Density ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Crop Density

In order to produce sunflower in Hungary today it is important to develop hybrid-specific cropping technologies. The ever widening number of hybrids makes the constant examination of genotypes necessary from the viewpoint of genotype-environment interactions and critical elements. Plant density as a complex factor puts strain on the pathological features, yield and quality of sunflower. The experiment’s main objective is to find the optimal plant density for both the genotype and external factors.As a result it can be stated that the optimal crop density is between 45,000-75,000 plant/ha. In 2001 the optimal density was 55,000 plant/ha. The Aréna PR and the Alexandra PR hybrids produced the greatest yields (3511 kgha-1; 3338 kgha-1). In the growing season of 2002, the yields were higher than in the previous year and the optimal crop density was 45,000-65,000 plant/ha. The best yields were produced by the Aréna PR and Alexandra PR hybrids in this year again (4102 kgha-1; 4267 kgha-1) and in 2003, 45,000-65,000 plant/ha proved to be the best crop density. The highest yield was produced by the Alexandra PR.Analyzing the growing seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003 it can be declared that as a result of dry climate of the three years yields were higher. It can be stated that the yield is decreased by higher than average of precipitation in the growing season.

YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Polyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Field Calculation ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Fertilizer System

The article presents the results of research on the formation of corn yield for grain depending on the elements of cultivation technology in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The goal of the research was to identify the influence of plant density and fertilizer system on the yield of corn hybrids for grain. The research was conducted during 2017-2019 in the research field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University (Bila Tserkva NAU). Research methods: field, calculation and statistical. Results. Regularities of growth, development and formation of yield by plants are revealed, both in concrete conditions of years of researches, and taking into account average long-term values taking into account features of hybrid-oriented technology. According to the results of the experiment it was recorded that the maximum yields for growing early-maturing maize hybrid DN PIVYHA with FAO 180 in general were obtained at a pre-harvest density of 75 thousand units/ha and the use of combined organo-mineral fertilizer system - 11.09 t/ha; medium-early maize hybrid DN ORLYK, FAO 280 in general in the experiment provided a grain yield of 9.60 t/ha, and in terms of 2017 - 7.86 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.22 t/ha and in 2019 - 9, 72 t/ha, but the medium-ripe hybrid of corn DN SARMAT, FAO 380 provided a grain yield of 10.81 t/ha, and in the context of 2017 - 9.31 t/ha, in 2018 - 11.68 t/ha and in 2019 - 11.44 t/ha. Significant influence on the formation of the yield of corn has a hybrid factor (27 %), fertilizer system determines the level of productivity by 21 % and interacts closely with the conditions of the growing season (factor BV 9 %), growing season conditions also determine the level of productivity of corn plants (19 %), and the pre-harvest density determines this feature by 18 %. Conclusions: In the conditions of the Right Bank part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine there is an increase in the level of productivity of maize hybrids from early to medium-ripe hybrids, regardless of the influence of other experimental factors.

Influence of N Fertilization and N Carryover on Yield and N Concentration of Dactylis glomerata L. 1

1973 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Donohue ◽  
C. L. Rhykerd ◽  
D. A. Holt ◽  
C. H. Noller
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L
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