Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ovine rumen. II. Some factors affecting rate of alkaloid breakdown by rumen fluid in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Lanigan
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Metabolic Product ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Heliotropium Europaeum ◽  
Methylene Group

When the pyrrolizidine alkaloids heliotrine and lasiocarpine were incubated in vitro with sheep's rumen contents, a common metabolic product was formed. This compound was also found as an end-product of metabolism in the rumen contents of sheep fed on a ration containing the plant Heliotropium europaeum. Previously described rumen metabolites of the Heliotropium alkaloids were 1-methylenepyrrolizidine derivatives, e.g. l-goreensine. The newly found product represents a further stage of reduction of l-goreensine in which the 1-methylene group has been replaced by a 1-methyl group. This compound has been identified as 7�-hydroxyla- methyl-8�-pyrrolizidine, a previously unknown pyrrolizidine derivative.

Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ovine rumen. I. Formation of 7-α-hydroxy-1-α-methyl-8-α pyrrolizidine from heliotrine and lasiocarpine

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Lanigan ◽  
LW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Specific Requirement ◽  
Heliotropium Europaeum ◽  
Alkaloid Metabolism ◽  
Stimulation Of

In vitro studies have demonstrated that the rate of metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in sheep's rumen fluid varies greatly. Fluids from sheep at pasture display much higher activity than do those from chaff-fed animals. Addition of dried Heliotropium europaeum to a chaff ration leads to a marked increase in the in vitro rate of alkaloid degradation by the rumen fluid but activity rapidly declines again when the H. europaeum is withdrawn. Thus a major factor limiting multiplication in the rumen of bacteria responsible for alkaloid breakdown appears to be lack of their specific substrates. N-oxides of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are rapidly reduced to tertiary bases in rumen fluid, even in samples from sheep not previously exposed to these substrates. The stimulation of the alkaloid-metabolizing system by vitamin B12 also varies greatly, both in whole rumen fluid and in fluids with activity reduced by removal of coarsely particulate matter. It is concluded that the B12 effect is not related to a specific requirement of the alkaloid-utilizing bacteria but to stimulation of other species which produce a metabolite essential for pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolism.

Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ovine rumen. IV. Effects of chloral hydrate and halogenated methanes on rumen methanogenesis and alkaloid metabolism in fistulated sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Lanigan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Heliotropium Europaeum ◽  
Alkaloid Metabolism ◽  
Halogenated Methanes

Five halogenated methane analogues (bromoform, chloroform, iodoform, carbon tetrabromide, and carbon tetrachloride) have been shown to inhibit methane formation in the sheep's rumen as well as in rumen fluid in vitvo. On a molar basis the methane analogues were 100-200 times as effective as chloral hydrate in vitro, but in the rumen this difference was reduced by a factor of 10 with four of the compounds and to parity with chloral hydrate in the case of carbon tetrachloride. When rumen methanogenesis was inhibited by administration of chloral hydrate, bromoform, or iodoform, the time taken for metabolism of 2 g of Heliotropium europaeum alkaloids was reduced to 25-40% of that taken in animals not so treated. These results support the conclusion that inhibition of methanogenesis may be a useful protective measure for sheep ingesting plants which contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Biochemical and in vitro assessment of six enzyme preparations as potential feed additives

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 54-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Colombatto ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
M. K. Bhat ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
In Vitro Assessment

Considerable research efforts have been directed towards the use of cell wall degrading enzymes as feed additives. However, the factors affecting the response to a certain enzyme preparation are not well understood. A better knowledge of the enzymatic activities present in the preparations and their interaction with a substrate in presence of rumen fluid is needed. The objectives of this study were to characterise the main enzymatic activities of six enzyme preparations and to evaluate them in the presence of rumen fluid, using thein vitroReading Pressure Technique (RPT).

Factors affecting the amount of indirect gas produced by the in vitro gas production technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rymer ◽  
A. R. Moss ◽  
E. R. Deaville ◽  
D. I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Micro Organisms

When a food is ingested by a ruminant animal, the carbohydrate fraction of the food is fermented by the rumen micro-organisms to produce gas (predominantly carbon dioxide and methane) as well as volatile fatty acids (VFA). The gas production technique simulates this fermentation process and provides an estimate of both the rate and extent of fermentation. Comparing the gas production (GP) profiles of foods enables a comparison to be made of the fermentative characteristics of different foods. However, the technique uses a bicarbonate-based medium system with the rumen liquor. This complicates the GP profile because of the production of ‘indirect’ gas resulting from the reaction between the VFA and the bicarbonate ions.Beuvink and Spoelstra (1992) measured the volume of gas produced from buffered rumen fluid when known amounts of VFA were added and observed that 20·8 ml gas were released per mmol VFA. However, there is variation between laboratories in terms of the composition of the medium that is used. Even when the same medium is used, significant differences have been observed in the GP profile when different types of apparatus were employed (Rymer and Givens, 1997). Media are gassed with carbon dioxide before they are added to the gas production system and it is possible that the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in the medium varies between experiments. The objective of this experiment, therefore, was to determine whether the volume of indirect gas produced was affected by the composition of the medium, the addition of carbon dioxide, and the technique employed to measure gas production.

Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ovine rumen. III. The competitive relationship between Heliotrine metabolism and methanogenesis in the rumen fluid in vitro

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Lanigan
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere ◽  
Effective Prophylaxis ◽  
Heliotropium Europaeum ◽  
Sheep Rumen

Inclusion of up to 80% hydrogen in the gas phase markedly stimulated the in vitro metabolism of heliotrine in sheep rumen fluid. The maximal rate of heliotrine breakdown under these conditions was twice that obtained when cyanocobalamin was added and 10 times the rate in unsupplemented rumen fluid. A maximal rate of heliotrine metabolism equal to that in the presence of 80% hydrogen gas could be obtained with a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere if certain inhibitors of methanogenic bacteria were added to the rumen fluid. It is concluded that the heliotrine-metabolizing bacteria are normally at a disadvantage in competition with the methanogenic bacteria for metabolic hydrogen, and that inhibition of the latter organisms in vivo could provide a basis for development of effective prophylaxis in sheep at risk with Heliotropium europaeum in the field.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGENERATION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120G-1120
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
C. T. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Differentiation ◽  
Whole Plants

Several growth hormone combinations and silver nitrate concentrations were examined for their effect on regeneration of different pepper genotypes. Primary leaf explants from in vitro seedlings were cultured on a revised Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with auxin, cytokinin and 1.6% glucose. Combinations of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 0-5 mg/l, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0-5 mg/l, were tested to determine the most effective medium for shoot primordium formation. Experiments with IAA and BAP did not result in a specific growth hormone combination appropriate for regeneration of all genotypes tested. Of the silver nitrate concentrations tested, 10 mg/l resulted in the best shoot and leaf differentiation and reduced callus formation. Differences in organogenic response of individual genotypes were evaluated on a single regeneration medium. Whole plants were regenerated from 11 of 63 genotypes examined. Based on these experiments, a reproducible regeneration system for pepper was developed with a total of 500 plants regenerated to date.

scholarly journals Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen excretion of finishing beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B N Harsh ◽  
B J Klatt ◽  
M J Volk ◽  
A R Green-Miller ◽  
J C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Ractopamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract The objective was to quantify the effects of the beta-adrenergic agonist (β-AA) ractopamine hydrochloride (Actogain, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) on nitrogen excretion and nutrient digestibility in feedlot cattle. In experiment 1, twelve Simmental × Angus steers were blocked by bodyweight (531 ± 16 kg) and used in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included: 1) a control without β-AA (CON) or 2) 400 mg/steer/d ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) for 35 d before slaughter. Diets contained (DM basis) 55% dry rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 15% modified wet distillers grains with solubles, and 10% supplement. For each block, total collection of feed, orts, feces and urine were conducted for two 5 d sampling periods during week 2 and 4 of RAC supplementation. No interaction (P > 0.21) between treatment and collection period was observed for any parameter evaluated. Dietary treatment had no effect (P = 0.51) on DMI, but RAC had decreased fecal DM output (P = 0.04) compared with CON. Thus, RAC had greater apparent total tract DM digestibility (77.2 vs. 73.5%; P < 0.01), N digestibility (72.4 vs. 69.4%; P = 0.01), and NDF digestibility (65.6 vs. 60.2%; P < 0.01) than CON. Although treatment did not affect nitrogen intake (P = 0.52), RAC tended to reduce total nitrogen excretion (113.3 vs. 126.7 g/d; P = 0.10) compared with CON due to a tendency for decreased fecal nitrogen output (53.9 vs. 61.3 g/d; P = 0.10). However, dietary treatment had no effect (P = 0.53) on urinary nitrogen output or percentage of urinary nitrogen excreted as urea (P = 0.28). Experiment 2 was an in vitro experiment conducted to validate the effects of RAC on nutrient digestibility using Simmental × Angus heifers (451 ± 50 kg). Rumen fluid was collected individually by stomach tube from CON- (n = 9) and RAC-fed (n = 10) heifers to inoculate bottles containing a CON or RAC-containing substrate in a split-plot design. No interaction between rumen fluid source and in vitro substrate was observed. Greater IVDMD (P = 0.01) was observed in rumen fluid from RAC-fed heifers compared with rumen fluid from CON-fed heifers. Inclusion of RAC in the in vitro substrate increased IVDMD (P < 0.01). Overall, feeding RAC increased microbial digestion of the dry-rolled corn-based finishing diet to increase total tract dry mater digestion by 5% and reduce nitrogen excretion by 10.6% in the 35 d period prior to slaughter.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7202
Author(s):  
Tamara Bruna ◽  
Francisca Maldonado-Bravo ◽  
Paul Jara ◽  
Nelson Caro
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Strains

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been imposed as an excellent antimicrobial agent being able to combat bacteria in vitro and in vivo causing infections. The antibacterial capacity of AgNPs covers Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug resistant strains. AgNPs exhibit multiple and simultaneous mechanisms of action and in combination with antibacterial agents as organic compounds or antibiotics it has shown synergistic effect against pathogens bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The characteristics of silver nanoparticles make them suitable for their application in medical and healthcare products where they may treat infections or prevent them efficiently. With the urgent need for new efficient antibacterial agents, this review aims to establish factors affecting antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles, as well as to expose the advantages of using AgNPs as new antibacterial agents in combination with antibiotic, which will reduce the dosage needed and prevent secondary effects associated to both.

scholarly journals Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Yuhui Zheng ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Shenglin Xue ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Cassava Residue

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

scholarly journals Reducing enteric methane production from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) by garlic oil supplementation in in vitro rumen fermentation system

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Dey ◽  
Shyam Sundar Paul ◽  
Puran Chand Lailer ◽  
Satbir Singh Dahiya
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Acetyl Esterase ◽  
Garlic Oil ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

AbstractEnteric methane production contributes significantly to the greenhouse gas emission globally. Although, buffaloes are integral part of livestock production in Asian countries, contributing milk, meat and draft power, the contribution of enteric methane to environmental pollution attracts attention. The present study investigated the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) oil in reducing enteric methane production from buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by in vitro rumen fermentation. Garlic oil (GOL) was tested at four concentrations [0 (Control), 33.33 µl (GOL-1), 83.33 µl (GOL-2) and 166.66 µl (GOL-3) per litre of buffered rumen fluid] in 100-ml graduated glass syringes and incubated at 39℃ for 24 h for in vitro rumen fermentation study. Supplementation of GOL-1 increased (p < 0.05) total gas production in comparison with GOL-3; however, it remained comparable (p > 0.05) with control and GOL-2. Graded doses of garlic oil inclusions reduced (p < 0.001) methane concentration (%) in total gas and total methane production (ml/g DM), irrespective of concentrations. The feed degradability, volatile fatty acids and microbial biomass production (MBP) were not affected (p > 0.05) by GOL-1, but these tended to decrease in GOL-2 with marked reduction (p < 0.01) in GOL-3. The decrease (p < 0.01) in NH3–N concentration in fermentation fluid in the presence of garlic oil, irrespective of concentration, suggests reduced deamination by inhibiting rumen proteolytic bacterial population. The activities of ruminal fibrolytic enzymes (CMCase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, acetyl esterase) were not affected by lower dose (GOL-1) of garlic oil; however, reduction (p < 0.05) of these enzymes activity in rumen liquor was evident at higher doses (GOL-2 and GOL-3) of supplementation. This study shows positive impact of garlic oil supplementation at low dose (33.33 µl/l of rumen fluid) in reducing enteric methane production, thereby, abatement of environmental pollution without affecting feed digestibility.

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